{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:03:37Z","timestamp":1790838217324,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Investigate the prevalence and impact of psychiatric comorbidities in community-based samples of schoolchildren with\/without ADHD. Method: Teachers and parents screened children in South Carolina (SC; n = 4,604) and Oklahoma (OK; n = 12,626) for ADHD. Parents of high-screen and selected low-screen children received diagnostic interviews (SC: n = 479; OK: n = 577). Results: Psychiatric disorders were increased among children with ADHD and were associated with low academic performance. Conduct disorder\/oppositional defiant disorder (CD\/ODD) were associated with grade retention (ODD\/CD + ADHD: odds ratio [OR] = 3.0; confidence interval [CI] = [1.5, 5.9]; ODD\/CD without ADHD: OR = 4.0; CI = [1.7, 9.7]). School discipline\/police involvement was associated with ADHD alone (OR = 3.2; CI = [1.5, 6.8]), ADHD + CD\/ODD (OR = 14.1, CI = [7.3, 27.1]), ADHD + anxiety\/depression (OR = 4.8, CI = [1.6, 14.8]), and CD\/ODD alone (OR = 2.8, CI = [1.2, 6.4]). Children with ADHD + anxiety\/depression had tenfold risk for poor academic performance (OR = 10.8; CI = [2.4, 49.1]) compared to children with ADHD alone. This should be interpreted with caution due to the wide confidence interval. Conclusion: Most children with ADHD have psychiatric comorbidities, which worsens functional outcomes. The pattern of outcomes varies by type of comorbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715613437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]],"date-time":"2015-11-26T20:38:09Z","timestamp":1448570289000},"page":"1345-1354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["ADHD and Psychiatric Comorbidity: Functional Outcomes in a School-Based Sample of Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Cuffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna N.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Division of Human Development and Disability, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Division of Human Development and Disability, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa L.","family":"Danielson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Division of Human Development and Disability, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorie L.","family":"Geryk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Wolraich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"McKeown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054715613437","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054715613437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054715613437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054715613437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31811ff87d"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054715613437","first-page":"184","volume-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment","author":"Barkley R. 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