{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:02:13Z","timestamp":1788926533643,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]],"date-time":"2015-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The objective of this article is to examine the associations between pre- and postnatal maternal distress and preschooler\u2019s symptoms of ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and anxiety, by timing and gender. Method: Children, aged 3.5 years ( N = 1,195), recruited from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, were assessed with a semistructured parental psychiatric interview. Perinatal maternal symptoms of distress were assessed by Symptom Checklist (SCL-5); Poisson regression was used to examine the associations. Results: Mid-gestational maternal distress significantly increased the average number of child symptoms, ranging between 3.8% for ADHD hyperactive\u2013impulsive (ADHD-HI) and 8.7% for anxiety. The combination of high maternal scores of distress both pre- and postnatally were associated with increased risk of child symptoms of anxiety (relative risk [RR] = 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.43, 3.07]), CD (RR = 1.83; 95% CI = [1.33, 2.51]), and ODD (RR = 1.30; 95% CI = [1.03, 1.64]), with minor sex differences. Conclusion: Maternal distress during mid-gestation was associated with ADHD, behavioral, and emotional symptoms in preschool children. Continued exposure into the postnatal period may further increase these risk associations .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715616185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T08:10:48Z","timestamp":1449648648000},"page":"1057-1069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Associations Between Pre- and Postnatal Maternal Symptoms of Distress and Preschooler\u2019s Symptoms of ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Anxiety"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Bothild","family":"Bendiksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital, Norway"},{"name":"University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Aase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lien My","family":"Diep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital, Norway"},{"name":"University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svein","family":"Friis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital, Norway"},{"name":"University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Zeiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.21-8-265"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054715616185","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054715616185","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9477-z"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714538655"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00951.x"},{"key":"bibr7-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200101000-00012"},{"key":"bibr8-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000780"},{"key":"bibr9-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31820a62ce"},{"key":"bibr10-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054709347203"},{"key":"bibr11-1087054715616185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.12.009"},{"key":"bibr12-1087054715616185","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment","author":"Egger H. 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