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Method: Participants were recruited from all children born between 1976 and 1982 remaining in Rochester, Minnesota, after age 5. Participants with childhood ADHD ( n = 232; M age = 27.0 years; 72% men) and non-ADHD controls ( n = 335; M age = 28.6 years; 63% men) completed a structured interview (M.I.N.I. International Neuropsychiatric Interview) assessing current ADHD status and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Results: Among 232 with childhood ADHD, 68 (49 men, 19 women) had persistent adult ADHD. Compared with non-ADHD controls and non-persistent ADHD participants, adults with persistent ADHD were significantly more likely to have any or each of 12 psychiatric comorbidities. The associations retained significant or marginally significant when stratified by gender. Externalizing psychiatric disorders were more common in men (74%) and internalizing disorders in women (58%). Conclusion: Persistent ADHD is associated with an increased risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders in adult men and women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716676342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]],"date-time":"2016-11-18T21:50:51Z","timestamp":1479505851000},"page":"535-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Adults With Persistent ADHD: Gender and Psychiatric Comorbidities\u2014A Population-Based Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kouichi","family":"Yoshimasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"},{"name":"Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Barbaresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Colligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill M.","family":"Killian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavica K.","family":"Katusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029225"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054716676342","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054716676342","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-011-9247-4"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2354"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.3.217"},{"key":"bibr7-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.2.279"},{"key":"bibr8-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.003"},{"key":"bibr9-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1083"},{"key":"bibr10-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.12.010"},{"key":"bibr11-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199708000-00011"},{"key":"bibr12-1087054716676342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790330017002"},{"key":"bibr13-1087054716676342","first-page":"27","volume":"36","author":"Gunter T. 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