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Method: A total of 387 male British prison inmates were screened and interviewed via the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults 2.0 (DIVA-2). Results: Male prisoners with ADHD endorse more methadone and amphetamine use. There was a significantly higher linear trend among those with ADHD for the number of substances ever used. ADHD was positively associated with increasing levels of alcohol use disorder severity, and with alcohol dependence. Transition along the pathways of substance misuse and persistence of drug misuse was better explained by the presence of conduct disorder\/antisocial personality traits. Conclusion: Higher rates of alcohol dependence and stimulant\u2013cocaine misuse suggest these inmates have maladaptive coping mechanisms, such as self-medication behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716688532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T17:33:12Z","timestamp":1485883992000},"page":"1905-1913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Substance and Alcohol Misuse, Drug Pathways, and Offending Behaviors in Association With ADHD in Prison Inmates"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, UK"},{"name":"West London Mental Health Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, UK"},{"name":"University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiriakos","family":"Xenitidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Mutch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Malet-Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisli H.","family":"Gudjonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054716688532","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.11.1097"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054716688532","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054716688532","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054716688532","volume-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test","author":"Babor T. 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