{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:34:25Z","timestamp":1792629265745,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We examined if ADHD Combined Type or Presentation (ADHD-C) reduced estimated life expectancy (ELE) at young adulthood and if the persistence of ADHD to adulthood further adversely affected ELE. Method: A young adult follow-up of 131 hyperactive and 71 control cases was used to derive 14 variables that were entered into a life expectancy calculator to generate ELE scores. Both ratings of executive function (EF) in everyday life and tests of EF and IQ were measured along with comorbid psychopathologies. Results: Childhood ADHD-C was associated with a 9.5-year reduction in healthy ELE, and a 8.4-year reduction in total ELE relative to control children by adulthood. The persistence of ADHD to adulthood was linked to a 12.7-year reduction in ELE. Several background traits accounted for more than 39% of variation in ELE. Conclusion: Childhood ADHD-C predicts a significantly reduced ELE by adulthood, which is further reduced by the persistence of ADHD to adult follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718816164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T06:19:12Z","timestamp":1544422752000},"page":"907-923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Russell A.","family":"Barkley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariellen","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Mental Health Consultants, Wauwatosa, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054718816164","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1968","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054718816164","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054718816164","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054718816164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054718816164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2354"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054718816164","volume-title":"Hyperactive children: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment","author":"Barkley R. 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