{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:21:52Z","timestamp":1792052512350,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012155","name":"national institute for medical research development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["940906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["940906"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidities and some associated demographic factors in a large sample population-based study. Method: As part of a population-based survey among 30,532 children and adolescents between 6 and 18 years, we used K-SADS-PL to screen and detect ADHD and its comorbidities. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 4%, with more prevalence among boys (5.2% vs. 2.7%), younger participants, urban residents, and offspring of mothers who had a history of psychiatric hospitalization. Anxiety disorders (37.9%) and behavioral disorders (31%) are the most prevalent group of comorbidities, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is the most prevalent comorbid disorder (26.1%). Mood disorders and anxiety disorders are more common among girls, but conduct disorder has a higher rate among boys. Conclusion: ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder which is accompanied by several comorbid conditions. The high rate of comorbidities makes it complicated and difficult to manage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719886372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T08:44:36Z","timestamp":1576226676000},"page":"1058-1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Prevalence of ADHD and Its Comorbidities in a Population-Based Sample"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mohammad-Reza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3188-5046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadi","family":"Zarafshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Khaleghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Hooshyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed-Ali","family":"Mostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameneh","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyyed-Salman","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alia","family":"Shakiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Salmanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-1087054719886372","first-page":"513","volume":"16","author":"Amiri S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"bibr3-1087054719886372","first-page":"417","volume":"5","author":"Behrad B.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Exceptional Children"},{"key":"bibr4-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy109"},{"key":"bibr5-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.5.504"},{"key":"bibr6-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705280413"},{"key":"bibr7-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1417860"},{"key":"bibr8-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12144"},{"key":"bibr9-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708314601"},{"key":"bibr10-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-6-10"},{"key":"bibr11-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.01.007"},{"key":"bibr12-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-0603-6"},{"key":"bibr13-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.07.004"},{"key":"bibr14-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00742"},{"key":"bibr15-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0165"},{"key":"bibr16-1087054719886372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796011000564"},{"key":"bibr17-1087054719886372","first-page":"66","volume":"12","author":"Mohammadi M. 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