{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:07:42Z","timestamp":1792811262243,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michael and Suzanne Borrin Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001517","name":"New Zealand Law Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001517","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","award":["UOAX1511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOAX1511"]}]},{"name":"New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","award":["UOAX1901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOAX1901"]}]},{"name":"A Better Start National Science Challenge"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine criminal justice system (CJS) interactions and pathways through the justice system for young adults with ADHD compared to young adults without ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide 3-year birth cohort study using linked health and CJS data. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine associations between ADHD and police proceedings, court charges, court convictions, and incarcerations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young adults with ADHD were significantly more likely to interact with the CJS including police proceedings (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1 95% CI [2.0, 2.2]) court charges (HR, 2.2 95% CI [2.1, 2.3]), court convictions (HR, 2.3 95% CI [2.2, 2.4]), and incarceration (HR, 4.8 95% CI [4.3, 5.4]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young adults with ADHD are overrepresented at all stages of the CJS. Results highlight the importance of early identification and responsivity to ADHD within the CJS and suggest that the NZ justice system may require changes to both areas to ensure that young individuals with ADHD receive equitable access to, and treatment within, the CJS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231177469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T02:49:35Z","timestamp":1685501375000},"page":"1332-1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Risk of Criminal Justice System Interactions in Young Adults with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From a National Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7276-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Anns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"A Better Start National Science Challenge, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conrad","family":"MacCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicholson Consulting, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigit","family":"Mirfin-Veitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betony","family":"Clasby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand"},{"name":"University of Sheffield, UK"},{"name":"University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simply Resolution Limited, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Tuisaula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A Better Start National Science Challenge, New Zealand"},{"name":"University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10870547231177469","volume-title":"Australian and New Zealand standard offence classification (ANZSOC)","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2011","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr2-10870547231177469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00331"},{"key":"bibr3-10870547231177469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-020-1057-8"},{"key":"bibr4-10870547231177469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211065541"},{"key":"bibr5-10870547231177469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2020.101642"},{"key":"bibr6-10870547231177469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203067536"},{"key":"bibr7-10870547231177469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.05.019"},{"key":"bibr8-10870547231177469","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2239"},{"key":"bibr9-10870547231177469","unstructured":"Criminal Procedure Act, \u00a7 6. 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