{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:11:39Z","timestamp":1787019099289,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"ministerio de ciencia e innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-118309RB-I00 funded by MCIN\/AEI 10.13039\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-118309RB-I00 funded by MCIN\/AEI 10.13039\/5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective was to determine the differential validity of a cognitive disengagement syndrome-only (CDS-only) group from ADHD-inattentive presentation-only (IN-only), ADHD-hyperactive-impulsive presentation-only (HI-only), and ADHD-combined presentation (C-only) groups within childhood (ages 5\u201310) and adolescence (ages 11\u201316).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parents of a nationally representative sample of 5,525 Spanish youth (ages 5\u201316, 56.1% boys) completed measures of CDS, ADHD-inattention (IN), and ADHD-hyperactivity\/impulsivity (HI) and other measures. Scores greater\/less than the top 5% on CDS, IN, and HI were used to create: (1) control, (2) CDS-only, (3) ADHD-IN-only, (4) ADHD-HI-only, (5) ADHD-C-only, (6) CDS\u2009+\u2009ADHD-IN, (7) CDS\u2009+\u2009ADHD-HI, and (8) CDS\u2009+\u2009ADHD-C groups within childhood and adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within childhood, the CDS-only group had higher scores than the three ADHD presentations on anxiety, depression, somatization, daytime sleep-related impairment, nighttime sleep disturbance, social impairment, and peer withdrawal, whereas CDS-only, ADHD-IN-only, and ADHD-HI-only groups did not differ on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and academic impairment (ADHD-C-only higher). Within adolescence, the CDS-only group again had higher scores than the three ADHD presentations on somatization and daytime sleep-related impairment but was now lower than the three ADHD presentations on ODD as well as lower on academic impairment than the ADHD-IN-only and ADHD-C-only groups. Within adolescence, the CDS-only group and the three ADHD presentations did not differ on depression, social impairment, or peer withdrawal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CDS-only group had strong differential validity from ADHD-IN-only, ADHD-HI-only, and ADHD-C-only groups within childhood with less striking differences in adolescence. In addition to more studies with adolescents, etiological models with multi-informant longitudinal data are needed to better understand the differences in CDS and ADHD dimensions and their changes across development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251344719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T05:19:37Z","timestamp":1751001577000},"page":"963-976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome is Clinically Distinct from ADHD Presentations within Childhood and Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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