{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T04:17:40Z","timestamp":1777781860320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Research on college students with ADHD largely has focused on impairments associated with this condition, as opposed to how resilience might buffer ADHD-related challenges. The present study examined potential differences in quality of life (QoL), resilience, and sociodemographic characteristics by students\u2019 ADHD diagnostic\/symptom status and whether diagnostic\/symptom group differences in QoL were more\/less pronounced at different levels of resilience.\n                    <jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Using data from an online survey distributed at six US colleges\/universities, participants (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094,897; 74% female; 60% White) reported on current ADHD symptomatology and diagnostic status; personal, social, and familial resilience; and physical, psychological, social, environmental, and global QoL.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Compared to students who were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">undiagnosed and asymptomatic<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">diagnosed and asymptomatic<\/jats:italic>\n                    , participants who were symptomatic (diagnosed and undiagnosed) evidenced lower resilience and QoL across all domains. There were significant interactions between ADHD group and resilience for global QoL and environmental QoL. Global QoL among\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">undiagnosed and symptomatic<\/jats:italic>\n                    participants was consistently lower than the reference group (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">undiagnosed and asymptomatic)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , particularly at lower levels of resilience. For environmental QoL, the slopes for both\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">diagnosed<\/jats:italic>\n                    groups were less steep compared to the reference group, suggesting resilience was less closely associated with environmental QoL.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Findings suggest that current ADHD symptomatology, as opposed to a formal ADHD diagnosis, is a better predictor of psychosocial impairment. Helping students with an ADHD diagnosis to continue developing resilience ultimately may benefit QoL; however, students who are currently symptomatic \u2013 particularly those who are undiagnosed \u2013 likely need additional support to experience the protective benefits of resilience.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251369679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T12:43:26Z","timestamp":1758113006000},"page":"193-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ADHD Symptoms, Resilience, and Quality of Life in Emerging Adults: The Roles of Diagnostic Status and Current Symptomatology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3240-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison K.R.","family":"Macht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA"},{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3280-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Stimulant Norms and Prevalence 3 (SNAP3) Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","first-page":"467","article-title":"ADHD diagnostic trends: Increased recognition or overdiagnosis?","volume":"119","author":"Abdelnour E.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelnour E., Jansen M. O., Gold J. A. (2022). ADHD diagnostic trends: Increased recognition or overdiagnosis? Missouri Medicine, 119(5), 467\u2013473.","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aluri J. Terzian A. Mojtabai R. Arria A. (2025). ADHD assessment and treatment services in a sample of US colleges and universities. Psychiatric Services 76(2) 177\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.20240085","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.20240085"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","article-title":"DSM-5 ADHD symptoms checklist","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM-5 ADHD symptoms checklist. In D. J. Kupfer, D. A. Regier, W. E. Narrow, E. A. Kuhl, R. R. W. Keck, & S. E. Swedo (Eds.), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Excerpt.","journal-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed. text rev.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717749932"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00234-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","volume-title":"Thriving in college with ADHD: A cognitive-behavioral skills manual for therapists","author":"Canu W. H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Canu W. H., Knouse L. E., Flory K., Hartung C. H. (2023). Thriving in college with ADHD: A cognitive-behavioral skills manual for therapists (1st ed.). Routledge.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan E. S. Dvorsky M. R. Green C. D. Breaux R. Becker S. P. Langberg J. M. (2024). Predictors and mechanisms of resilience for high school students with ADHD: A prospective longitudinal study. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-024-01704-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-024-01704-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chronis-Tuscano A. Raggi V. L. Clarke T. L. Rooney M. E. Diaz Y. Pian J. (2008). Associations between maternal attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and parenting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 36(8) 1237\u20131250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-008-9246-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-008-9246-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong Q. Garcia B. Pham A. Cumming M. (2020). Culturally responsive approaches for addressing ADHD within multi-tiered systems of support. Current Psychiatry Reports 22(11) 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-020-01154-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01154-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuPaul G. J. Gormley M. J. Anastopoulos A. D. Weyandt L. L. Labban J. Sass A. J. Busch C. Z. Franklin M. K. Postler K. B. (2021). Academic trajectories of college students with and without ADHD: Predictors of four-year outcomes. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 50(6) 828\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2020.1867990","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2020.1867990"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadus M. C. Ginsburg K. R. Sobowale K. Halliday-Boykins C. A. Bryant B. E. Gray K. M. Squeglia L. M. (2020). Unconscious bias and the diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorders and ADHD in African American and Hispanic youth. Academic Psychiatry 44(1) 95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40596-019-01127-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-019-01127-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French B. Daley D. Groom M. Cassidy S. (2023). Risks associated with undiagnosed ADHD and\/or autism: A mixed-method systematic review. Journal of Attention Disorders 27(12) 1393\u20131410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10870547231176862","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231176862"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friborg O. Hjemdal O. Rosenvinge J. H. Martinussen M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 12(2) 65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.143","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.143"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gjervan B. Torgersen T. Rasmussen K. Nordahl H. M. (2014). ADHD symptoms are differentially related to specific aspects of quality of life. Journal of Attention Disorders 18(7) 598\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054712445183","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712445183"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0123-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamilton S. L. Baraldi A. Kennison S. M. (2021). Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms perceived stress and resilience in college students. Journal of College Counseling 24(1) 49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jocc.12176","DOI":"10.1002\/jocc.12176"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haraldstad K. Wahl A. Anden\u00e6s R. Andersen J. R. Andersen M. H. Beisland E. Borge C. R. Engebretsen E. Eisemann M. Halvorsrud L. Hanssen T. A. Haugstvedt A. Haugland T. Johansen V. A. Larsen M. H. L\u00f8vereide L. L\u00f8yland B. Kvarme L. G. Moons P. Norekv\u00e5l T. M. .\u2004.\u2004. LIVSFORSK network (2019). A systematic review of quality of life research in medicine and health sciences. Quality of Life Research 28(10) 2641\u20132650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-019-02214-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02214-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","unstructured":"Hayes A. F. (2017). The PROCESS macro for SPSS SAS and R (Version 3.0). https:\/\/www.processmacro.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2014-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim Y. K. Cronley C. (2020). Acculturative stress and binge drinking among international students in the United States: Resilience and vulnerability approaches. Journal of American College Health 68(2) 207\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2018.1538998","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1538998"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2021.1936462"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mastoras S. M. Saklofske D. H. Schwean V. L. Climie E. A. (2018). Social support in children with ADHD: An exploration of resilience. Journal of Attention Disorders 22(8) 712\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054715611491","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715611491"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","unstructured":"Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023). Adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mayo Clinic. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/adult-adhd\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20350883"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-12-58"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modesto-Lowe V. Yelunina L. Hanjan K. (2011). Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A shift toward resilience? Clinical Pediatrics 50(6) 518\u2013524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922810394836","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922810394836"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quintero J. Morales I. Vera R. Zuluaga P. Fern\u00e1ndez A. (2019). The impact of adult ADHD in the quality-of-life profile. Journal of Attention Disorders 23(9) 1007\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054717733046","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717733046"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos N. Lowdermilk J. (2020). Cultural issues: Treating & diagnosing ADHD. JAASEP\u2013Research Based Journal in Special Education 58\u201367. https:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=EJ1254219","DOI":"10.64546\/jaasep.415"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schei J. N\u00f8vik T. S. Thomsen P. H. Indredavik M. S. Jozefiak T. (2015). Improved quality of life among adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is mediated by protective factors: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Psychiatry 15 108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0491-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0491-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schei J. N\u00f8vik T. S. Thomsen P. H. Lydersen S. Indredavik M. S. Jozefiak T. (2018). What predicts a good adolescent to adult transition in ADHD? The role of self-reported resilience. Journal of Attention Disorders 22(6) 547\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054715604362","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715604362"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoham R. Sonuga-Barke E. J. Aloni H. Yaniv I. Pollak Y. (2016). ADHD-associated risk taking is linked to exaggerated views of the benefits of positive outcomes. Scientific Reports 6 Article 34833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep34833","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34833"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song J. Fogarty K. Suk R. Gillen M. (2021). Behavioral and mental health problems in adolescents with ADHD: Exploring the role of family resilience. Journal of Affective Disorders 294 450\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.073"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00dcnver H. Rodopman Arman A. Nur Akpunar \u015e. (2022). Metacognitive awareness and emotional resilience in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology 10(1) 33\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/sjcapp-2022-0003","DOI":"10.2478\/sjcapp-2022-0003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","volume-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2022","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). National Institute of Mental Health."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.07.176"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHOQOL Group. (1998). The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general Psychometric Properties. Social Science & Medicine 46(12) 1569\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0277-9536(98)00009-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00009-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilmshurst L. Peele M. Wilmshurst L. (2011). Resilience and well-being in college students with and without a diagnosis of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 15(1) 11\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054709347261","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054709347261"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood W. L. M. Lewandowski L. J. Lovett B. J. (2021). Profiles of diagnosed and undiagnosed college students meeting ADHD symptom criteria. Journal of Attention Disorders 25(5) 646\u2013656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054718824991","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718824991"}],"container-title":["Journal of Attention Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10870547251369679","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10870547251369679","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10870547251369679","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:30:38Z","timestamp":1777491038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10870547251369679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10870547251369679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10870547251369679","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0547","1557-1246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0547","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]}}}