{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:16:46Z","timestamp":1783534606019,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rates of women of reproductive age diagnosed with ADHD have increased significantly. However, little is known about how pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period influence ADHD related problems, help-seeking behaviors or the timing of ADHD diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate incident ADHD diagnoses among women from 5\u2009years before to 5\u2009years after childbirth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The population-based cohort study utilized Danish nationwide registers to identify mothers of all childbirths between 2010 and 2018. ADHD diagnoses, defined as ICD-10 codes (F90 or F98.8) or redemption of ADHD medication prescriptions, were recorded during 1994 to 2023. Women who received an ADHD diagnosis prior to the five-year pre-birth period were excluded. We estimated calendar-year adjusted incidence of first-time maternal ADHD diagnoses using Poisson regression, and compared incidence across pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, postpartum up to 2\u2009years, and 2 to 5\u2009years postpartum, reporting adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Analyses included psychiatric comorbidities and non-ADHD psychotropic medication use prior to an ADHD diagnosis, for women diagnosed with ADHD postpartum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 363,904 mothers with a total of 524,936 childbirths. ADHD incidence rates decreased significantly during pregnancy (IRR\u2009=\u20090.28, 95% CI [0.22, 0.37]), remained lower than the pre-pregnancy period 2\u2009years postpartum (IRR\u20090.82, 95% CI [0.74, 0.92]), and increased significantly above pre-pregnancy levels 2 to 5\u2009years postpartum (IRR\u2009=\u20091.24, 95% CI [1.13, 1.35]). Among mothers diagnosed with ADHD postpartum, 53.9% had an in- or outpatient contact to psychiatric services or redeemed non-ADHD psychotropic medication prescriptions, in the period from childbirth until ADHD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incident ADHD diagnoses among women giving birth increased postpartum above pre-pregnancy levels, with peak rates observed between 2 and 5\u2009years after childbirth. These findings highlight the postpartum period as a potential critical window of ADHD symptom worsening, underscoring the need for targeted mental health screenings and support for women during the years after childbirth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251372730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:24:49Z","timestamp":1760059489000},"page":"283-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal ADHD Diagnoses Before and After Childbirth: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrine Bang","family":"Madsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9790-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette","family":"Winther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Anthropology and Educational Psychology, Danish School of Education, Aarhus University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalie Thea","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9323-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrine","family":"Marcussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0786-7147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trine","family":"Munk-Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikke","family":"Wesselhoeft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Southern Denmark,Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3057-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kittel-Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, Cork University Hospital, Cork University Hospital, Ireland"},{"name":"APC Microbiome, University College Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agnew-Blais J. 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