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The dual-pathway model links specific temperamental traits to ADHD symptom domains: elevated reactive traits, surgency and negative affect, to hyperactivity\/impulsivity, and a low regulatory trait, effortful control, to inattention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred fifty-eight adults (79 with clinical diagnoses of ADHD and 79 controls) filled in the Adult Temperament Questionnaire. Consistent with a compensatory extension of the dual-pathway model, it was hypothesized that effortful control would moderate the effects of reactive traits (surgency\/negative affect) on hyperactive\/impulsive symptoms and influence both ADHD symptom domains. For exploratory purposes, orienting sensitivity, an adult temperament factor related to perceptual sensitivity, was included in the analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Binary logistic regression identified lower effortful control as the strongest predictor of an ADHD diagnosis. Negative affect had a significant but small effect, while surgency and orienting sensitivity were non-significant. Two hierarchical regressions were performed for self-rated symptoms of hyperactivity\/impulsivity and inattention. Consistent with a compensatory model, effortful control was significantly related to symptom expression in both ADHD symptom domains. Contrary to expectations, surgency did not explain variance in hyperactivity\/impulsivity, and the effect of negative affect was strongly reduced, after effortful control was added to the model. Effortful control did not moderate the effects of surgency and negative affect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings challenge the dual-pathway model and highlight self-regulation deficits over reactive traits in sustaining ADHD in adulthood. They underscore the value of temperament-based approaches for refining diagnosis and developing targeted interventions for adult ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251393062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T11:51:22Z","timestamp":1764417082000},"page":"386-406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Does Adult Temperament Relate to ADHD Symptom Domains? Testing the Dual-Pathway Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3076-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Teuchert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmut-Schmidt-University\/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2150-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kerner auch Koerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"IDeA - Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7332-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Daseking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmut-Schmidt-University\/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"IDeA - Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2471-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Heinze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmut-Schmidt-University\/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"IDeA - Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Clinical presentations of adult patients with ADHD","volume":"65","author":"Adler L. 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