{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T09:19:49Z","timestamp":1783156789305,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Atten Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) is increasingly viewed as a distinct childhood condition. Although it overlaps with ADHD in some features, emerging evidence suggests a unique behavioral and cognitive profile. However, research examining social functioning and emotion recognition in children with pure CDS remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study compared social competence and facial emotion recognition abilities among children aged 8 to 12\u2009years across three groups: those with elevated CDS symptoms (n\u2009=\u200943), those with ADHD (n\u2009=\u200940), and healthy controls (n\u2009=\u200943). Social functioning and peer relationships were evaluated using parent- and child-report social skills scales and peer interaction questionnaires. Emotion recognition was measured with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with CDS showed significantly lower social skills and RMET scores than both ADHD and control groups (p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Teachers reported fewer school friendships for the CDS group compared to ADHD and controls (p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and CDS children also reported fewer out-of-school friendships than peers in the other groups (p\u2009=\u2009.035). Both child and teacher reports noted greater peer relationship difficulties in the CDS group compared to the other groups (p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Teachers also observed more solitary behavior and lower group participation among CDS children (p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Within the CDS group, social skills were negatively associated with oppositionality (r\u2009=\u2009\u2212.347) and positively associated with inattention severity (r\u2009=\u2009.346). Regression analysis identified social skills scores as independent predictors of peer relationships across the full sample (p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that children with elevated CDS symptoms experience greater social difficulties and more pronounced emotion recognition impairments than both ADHD and typically developing peers, reflecting a distinct social-cognitive profile that extends beyond overlapping ADHD symptoms. The results underscore the importance of early recognition and targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547251408128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T11:40:40Z","timestamp":1767872440000},"page":"959-969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social Skills and Emotion Recognition in Children With Elevated Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Symptoms: A Comparative Study With Children Diagnosed With ADHD and Typically Developing Peers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5358-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Utku","family":"Ka\u00e7maz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mardin Training and Research Hospital, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-1768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagihan","family":"Cevher Binici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9844-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ey\u00fcp Sabri","family":"Ercan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ege University, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0205-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma Sibel","family":"Durak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Beh\u00e7et Uz Children\u2019s Hospital, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Evren","family":"Tufan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the child behaviour check-list\/4-18 and 1991 profile","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Achenbach T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behaviour check-list\/4-18 and 1991 profile. University of Vermont."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Sosyal becerileri de\u011ferlendirme \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin (7-12 ya\u015f) ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131","volume":"5","author":"Ak\u00e7amete G.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7amete G., Avc\u0131o\u011flu H. (2005). Sosyal becerileri de\u011ferlendirme \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin (7-12 ya\u015f) ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131. Abant \u0130zzet Baysal \u00dcniversitesi E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 5(2), 61-77.","journal-title":"Abant \u0130zzet Baysal \u00dcniversitesi E\u011fitim Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.).","journal-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).","journal-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","author":"\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim \u00f6\u011frencilerinin sosyal becerilerini geli\u015ftirmede draman\u0131n etkisi","unstructured":"\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim \u00f6\u011frencilerinin sosyal becerilerini geli\u015ftirmede draman\u0131n etkisi. Y\u00fcksek lisans tezi. Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc.","journal-title":"Y\u00fcksek lisans tezi"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001517"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1286595"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2024.2301771"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.07.821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cognitive disengagement syndrome symptoms from early childhood to adolescence in a nationally representative Spanish sample","volume":"52","author":"Burns G. L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burns G. L., Monta\u00f1o J. J., Becker S. P., Servera M. (2023). Cognitive disengagement syndrome symptoms from early childhood to adolescence in a nationally representative Spanish sample. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 52, 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/SJP.2024.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2021.1938211"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Dikkat eksikli\u011fi hiperaktivite bozuklu\u011fu ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131m bozukluklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir test bataryas\u0131 geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131","volume":"8","author":"Ercan E. S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ercan E. S., Amado S., Somer O., \u00c7\u0131ko\u011flu S. (2001). Dikkat eksikli\u011fi hiperaktivite bozuklu\u011fu ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131m bozukluklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir test bataryas\u0131 geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131. \u00c7ocuk ve Gen\u00e7lik Ruh Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dergisi, 8(3), 132\u2013144.","journal-title":"\u00c7ocuk ve Gen\u00e7lik Ruh Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Eunethydis European approaches to hyperkinetic disorders","author":"Erol N.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Erol N. (1995). The adaptation and standardisation of the child behaviour checklist among 6-18 year-old Turkish children. In Sergeant J. (Ed.), Eunethydis European approaches to hyperkinetic disorders (pp. 97-113). Fotoratar."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"284","article-title":"Barkley child attention scale validity and reliability study","volume":"31","author":"Firat S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Firat S., Bolat G. U., Gul H., Baytunca M. B., Kardas B., Aysev A., Ercan E. S. (2018). Barkley child attention scale validity and reliability study. Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 31(3), 284\u2013293.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2014.511143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Okul cagi cocuklari icin duygulanim bozukluklari ve sizofreni gorusme cizelgesi simdi ve yasam boyu sekli turkce uyarlamasi'nin gecerlik ve guvenirligi","volume":"11","author":"Gokler B.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gokler B. (2004). Okul cagi cocuklari icin duygulanim bozukluklari ve sizofreni gorusme cizelgesi simdi ve yasam boyu sekli turkce uyarlamasi'nin gecerlik ve guvenirligi. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 11, 109\u2013116.","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547241267379"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01164-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2023.102250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2020.1716365"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"\u00c7ocukluk depresyonu; Tarih\u00e7e, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma ve tan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri","volume":"1","author":"Oy B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Oy B. (1990). \u00c7ocukluk depresyonu; Tarih\u00e7e, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma ve tan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri. T\u00fcrk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1(2), 21\u201323.","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Psikiyatri Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231215516"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","volume-title":"Wechsler \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in zek\u02c6a ol\u00e7egi uygulama kitap\u00e7\u0131g\u0131","author":"Savas\u0131r I.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Savas\u0131r I., Sahin N. (1995). Wechsler \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in zek\u02c6a ol\u00e7egi uygulama kitap\u00e7\u0131g\u0131. T\u00fcrk Psikologlar Derne\u011fi."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045211030665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","volume-title":"\u00c7ocuk ve ergenlerde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f bozukluklar\u0131 i\u00e7in DSM-IV\u2019e dayal\u0131 tarama ve de\u011ferlendirme \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi","author":"Turgay A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Turgay A. (1995). \u00c7ocuk ve ergenlerde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f bozukluklar\u0131 i\u00e7in DSM-IV\u2019e dayal\u0131 tarama ve de\u011ferlendirme \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi. Integrative Therapy Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014revised","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (1974). Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2014revised (WISC-R). The Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","volume-title":"\u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim \u00f6\u011frencilerinin sosyal becerilerini geli\u015ftirmede draman\u0131n etkisi","author":"Yaya A. K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yaya A. K. (2000). \u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim \u00f6\u011frencilerinin sosyal becerilerini geli\u015ftirmede draman\u0131n etkisi. Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14744\/DAJPNS.2023.00225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02739615.2021.1926250"}],"container-title":["Journal of Attention Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10870547251408128","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10870547251408128","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10870547251408128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T08:56:58Z","timestamp":1783155418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10870547251408128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10870547251408128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10870547251408128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0547","1557-1246"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0547","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-1246","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}}}