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The pre-specified primary outcome was parent-reported early ADHD traits. Secondary outcomes included parent-report of inhibitory control and attention; researcher-rated observational measures of attentiveness, activity level and inhibition; and eye-tracking measures of cognitive control, attention disengagement and sustained attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At follow-up there was no intervention effect on the primary outcome parent-rated ADHD behaviours (effect size [ES] \u22120.28, 95% CIs \u22120.95 to 0.39). Secondary parent- and researcher-rated child behaviour and eye-tracking attention outcomes also did not significantly differ between the groups. The largest positive, albeit non-significant, effects were for the secondary outcomes parent-rated inhibitory control (ES\u2009=\u20090.42 (95% CIs \u22120.09 to 0.94) and the composite eye-tracking measure (ES\u2009=\u20090.40 (95% CIs \u22120.15 to 0.95).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrate the feasibility of conducting experimental trials targeting early emerging ADHD characteristics in infancy. The intervention did not lead to significant differences in parent- or researcher-rated early ADHD behaviours or eye-tracking measures of attention control. However, the trend for long-term effects on CBQ inhibition, the attention composite and sustained attention justifies further interest. Further development and modification of the attention training may be necessary to test whether the approach holds promise as a potential pre-emptive intervention for infants with an elevated likelihood of ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547261428660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T05:16:11Z","timestamp":1774588571000},"page":"901-915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Randomised Controlled Trial of Gaze-Based Attention Training Intervention for Infants With a Family History of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Follow-up Outcomes at 2 and 3 Years"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily JH","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Birkbeck College University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannath","family":"Begum-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birkbeck College University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Pasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birkbeck College University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Salomone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birkbeck College University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessel","family":"Bazelmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Birkbeck College University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Arts London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund JS","family":"Sonuga-Barke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Wass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of East London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birkbeck College University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"University of Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"INTERSTAARS Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology","author":"Achenbach T. 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