{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:19:06Z","timestamp":1777555146226,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Denver Public Good Fund","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["AIDS Patient Care and STDs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although transgender, nonbinary, and intersex (TNI) people are at greater risk for HIV acquisition than their cisgender counterparts, the research on HIV testing frequencies and predictors in this population is limited. Research focused on identifying HIV testing differences by gender among TNI people is especially lacking. This secondary data analysis examined differences in HIV testing frequencies by gender and identified the factors significantly associated with lifetime and recent HIV testing in a statewide convenience sample of TNI adults in the Mountain West region of the United States. Although chi-square test results indicated no significant gender differences in lifetime HIV testing, a significantly smaller proportion of nonbinary individuals reported receiving an HIV test in the last year when compared with transmasculine, transfeminine, and intersex individuals (Fisher\u2019s exact\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.04). Multi-variable logistic regression results revealed that having to educate medical providers about transgender-related care was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of ever receiving an HIV testing (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">AOR<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2.82, 95% CI (confidence interval): [1.56\u20135.07],\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01). Moreover, nonbinary individuals were significantly less likely to have received an HIV test in the last year (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">AOR<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.30, 95% CI: [0.11\u20130.81],\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). These findings point to the potentially important role that provider factors may play in HIV testing for TNBI persons. Alongside recognition of the need for more empirical work to understand complex relationships identified in this study, the study results suggest that HIV testing efforts may need to focus more on expanding access to TNI individuals, including those who identify as nonbinary.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10872914251390215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T17:18:47Z","timestamp":1761585527000},"page":"497-504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HIV Testing Frequencies and Correlates in a Statewide Sample of Transgender, Nonbinary, and Intersex Adults in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Donald R.","family":"Gerke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Ochs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, College of Public Service, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA."},{"name":"Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crim","family":"Sabuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dget L.","family":"Downey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tural","family":"Mammadli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02689-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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