{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:11:31Z","timestamp":1792606291362,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":412,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article critically examines the pervasive yet often-neglected influence of capitalism on psychological processes and human behavior. While capitalist ideologies like neoliberalism have entered the mainstream in psychology, there remains a lack of deeper engagement with the foundations of capitalism. The article argues that capitalism generates distinct cultural syndromes that emerged from the unique historical experiences of Western societies and are deeply rooted in the core principles of capitalism: profit motive, market competition, and private property ownership. The article then argues that these principles manifest as capitalist cultural syndromes termed the \u201cgain primacy,\u201d \u201czero-sum rivalry,\u201d and \u201cownership\u201d syndromes, which collectively drive a self-enhancement agenda resulting in an overarching \u201cindividualist syndrome.\u201d It then explores how these syndromes maintain and reproduce social inequalities. By adopting a critical-historical approach, this article situates its analysis within a broader critique of capitalism, aiming to illuminate its impact on human thought, behavior, and well-being.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Public Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our thoughts, behaviors, and well-being are deeply influenced by the economic system we live in\u2014capitalism. While psychologists have explored capitalist ideologies like neoliberalism, they often overlook capitalism\u2019s core foundations driving inequality. This work argues that capitalism, rooted in Western colonial history, generates powerful cultural narratives prioritizing profit, competition, and private ownership. These capitalist principles manifest as pervasive societal mindsets obsessed with personal gain, viewing life as a zero-sum rivalry, and deriving self-worth from possessions. Collectively, they breed an individualistic syndrome of selfish striving at the expense of community. By understanding how these capitalist cultural forces psychologically shape us, maintaining oppressive societal hierarchies, we can reimagine economic systems that truly uplift the human spirit across all peoples and the planet we share. Unveiling capitalism\u2019s influence is crucial to recover from its alienating effects and envision liberating alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10888683241287570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T07:50:27Z","timestamp":1731743427000},"page":"215-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Where Is Capitalism? 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