{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:23:28Z","timestamp":1777663408428,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,1]],"date-time":"2002-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1012521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Educ Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Group-randomized drug abuse prevention trials customarily designate schools as the unit of assignment to experimental condition; however, students within schools remain the unit of observation. Students nestedwithin schools may show some resemblance based on common (peer) selection or school climate factors (i.e., disciplinary practices, group norms, or rules). Appropriate analyses of any treatment effects must be statisticallycorrect for the magnitude of clustering within these intact social units (i.e., intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]). There is little reported evidence, however, of variation in ICCs that might occur with studies of raciallyor geographically diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to generate estimates of intragroupdependence for drug use and psychosocial measures (hypothesized mediators) from three separate drug abuseprevention trials. Clustering for the drug use measures averaged .02 across study and age-groups (range = .002to .053) and was equivalently small for the psychosocial measures (averaging .03 across studies and age-groups;range = .001 to .149). With few exceptions and across different samples, clustering decreased in magnitude overtime. Clustering was largest for peer smoking and drinking norms among white, suburban youth and smallestfor alcohol expectancies among urban black youth. Findings are discussed with respect to the influence of socialclimate factors and group norms in the design and analysis of school-based, drug abuse, prevention programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/109019810202900109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,6]],"date-time":"2005-04-06T18:18:44Z","timestamp":1112811524000},"page":"85-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Estimates of Intragroup Dependence for Drug Use and Skill Measures in School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention Trials: An Empirical Study of Three Independent Samples"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Scheier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth W.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilbert J.","family":"Botvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention Research, Division of Prevention and Health Behavior, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","author":"Johnston LD","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"The National Drug Control Strategy, 1997","author":"Office of National Drug Control Policy","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives: Full Report","author":"Department of Health and Human Services","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.4.437"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520380042033"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00844872"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2180065"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819302000214"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(91)90039-7"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.10.3.164"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420220073030"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764296039007008"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J023v03n01_06"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Handbookin Research and Evaluation","author":"Issacs S","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials","author":"Murray DM","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0743554896112003"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02475-1_11"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.79.2.281"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2955361"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.99.4.349"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.76.2.291"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.58.4.458"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008945"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113261"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.4.757"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117194"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.5.919"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/KBHP-6FRT-U0BN-VAUC"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Race\/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status and Drug Abuse: 1991","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1986.tb01507.x"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(89)90042-7"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764296039007004"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Handbookon Drug Abuse Prevention: A Comprehensive Strategy to Prevent the Abuse of Alcohol and Other Drugs","author":"Botvin GJ","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb34","series-title":"Banff International Behavioral Science Series","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Preventing Childhood Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Delinquency","author":"Botvin GJ","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Psycoheducational interventions in schools: Methods and procedures for enhancing student competence","author":"Botvin GJ","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.11.5.290"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(75)80013-X"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Manual of the EysenckPersonality Questionnaire","author":"Eysenck HJ","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"SAS System for Mixed Models","author":"Littell RC","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1982.tb00718.x"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00846655"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Statistical Methods","author":"Snedecor GW","year":"1989","edition":"8"}],"container-title":["Health Education &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/109019810202900109","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/109019810202900109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:32:15Z","timestamp":1777447935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/109019810202900109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/109019810202900109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/109019810202900109","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-1981","1552-6127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]}}}