{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T10:17:45Z","timestamp":1792750665127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,3]],"date-time":"2017-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/RC\/2289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/RC\/2289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Educ Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Schools are an important setting for raising skin cancer prevention awareness and encouraging sun protection. We assessed the clothes worn and shade used by 1,278 children in eight schools in the Wellington region of New Zealand. These children were photographed for the Kids\u2019Cam project between September 2014 and March 2015 during school lunch breaks. Children\u2019s mean clothing coverage (expressed as a percentage of body area covered) was calculated. Data on school sun-safety policies were obtained via telephone. Mean total body clothing coverage was 70.3% (95% confidence interval = 66.3%, 73.8%). Body regions with the lowest mean coverage were the head (15.4% coverage), neck (36.1% coverage), lower arms (46.1% coverage), hands (5.3% coverage), and calves (30.1% coverage). Children from schools with hats as part of the school uniform were significantly more likely to wear a hat (52.2%) than children from schools without a school hat (2.7%). Most children (78.4%) were not under the cover of shade. Our findings suggest that New Zealand children are not sufficiently protected from the sun at school. Schools should consider comprehensive approaches to improve sun protection, such as the provision of school hats, sun-protective uniforms, and the construction of effective shade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198117741943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,3]],"date-time":"2017-12-03T06:00:18Z","timestamp":1512280818000},"page":"800-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sun Protection Among New Zealand Primary School Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Gage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"},{"name":"University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Signal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0511-0_6"},{"key":"bibr2-1090198117741943","unstructured":"Cancer Society of New Zealand. (2008). Position statement\u2014The risks and benefits of sun exposure in New Zealand. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sunsmartschools.co.nz\/PS_RisksBenefits_SunExposureSept08.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-1090198117741943","unstructured":"Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2012). Preventing skin cancer: Primary and middle school-based interventions. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.thecommunityguide.org\/cancer\/skin\/education-policy\/primaryandmiddleschools.html"},{"key":"bibr4-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyt105"},{"key":"bibr5-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12803"},{"key":"bibr6-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dax094"},{"key":"bibr7-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cej.0000000000000056"},{"key":"bibr8-1090198117741943","unstructured":"Greenwood J., Soulos G., Thomas N. (2000). Under cover: Guidelines for shade planning and design. Retrieved from https:\/\/cancernz.org.nz\/assets\/Sunsmart\/Sunsmart-resources\/Guidelines-Under-Cover.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi081"},{"key":"bibr10-1090198117741943","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2014). GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. Retrieved from http:\/\/globocan.iarc.fr\/Pages\/summary_table_site_sel.aspx"},{"key":"bibr11-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1400"},{"key":"bibr12-1090198117741943","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of the PLEA 2003 Conference","author":"Mackay C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr13-1090198117741943","unstructured":"Mackay C., Sandford L., Hall C. (2014). Shade in schools\u2014permanent not temporary? Paper presented at the NIWA UV Workshop, Auckland, New Zealand. Retrieved from www.niwa.co.nz\/atmosphere\/uv-ozone\/uv-science-workshops\/2014-uv-workshop"},{"key":"bibr14-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1999.0501"},{"key":"bibr15-1090198117741943","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. (2016). Cancer: Historical summary 1948-2013. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/publication\/cancer-historical-summary-1948-2013"},{"key":"bibr16-1090198117741943","unstructured":"National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. (2016). Climate data and activities. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.niwa.co.nz\/education-and-training\/schools\/resources\/climate"},{"key":"bibr17-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cys092"},{"key":"bibr18-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.02.016"},{"key":"bibr19-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12013"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr20-1090198117741943","first-page":"50","volume":"13","author":"Toomey S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiation Protection in Australia"},{"key":"bibr21-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12312"},{"key":"bibr22-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.01.035"},{"key":"bibr23-1090198117741943","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008980919928"},{"key":"bibr24-1090198117741943","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2009a). Global disease burden from solar ultraviolet radiation: Fact Sheet No. 305. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/uv\/resources\/archives\/fs305\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr25-1090198117741943","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2009b). Protecting children from ultraviolet radiation: Fact Sheet No. 261. Ultraviolet radiation and the INTERSUN Programme. 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