{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:42:07Z","timestamp":1777664527935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Educ Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While traditional HIV prevention programs with female sex workers (FSWs) in Karnataka, India, have focused on reducing HIV transmission between FSWs and clients through increased condom use, these programs have not fully addressed the transmission risk between FSWs and their nonpaying intimate partners (IPs). Condom use is infrequent and violence is recurrent in these relationships: Furthermore, there is little evidence on the precise nature of FSW\u2013IP relationships. Our study addresses this knowledge gap to inform HIV programs targeted at FSWs. A series of workshops, using participatory tools, was held to explore FSW-IP relationships; 31 FSWs and 37 IPs participated. Three aspects of FSW\u2013IP relationships were examined: how FSWs and IPs understand and interpret their relationships, factors influencing condom use, and the role of violence and its consequences. FSWs wish to be perceived as their IPs\u2019 wives, while IPs expect their FSW partners to accept their dominance in the relationship. Nonuse of condoms signals fidelity and elevates the status of the relationship almost to that of marriage, which helps FSWs enter the category of \u201cgood\u201d (married) women. Tolerating and accepting violence in these relationships is normative, as in other marital relationships; IPs justify violence as necessary to establish and maintain their power within the relationship. Both FSWs and IPs value their relationships despite the high degree of risk posed by low condom use and high levels of violence. Implications for program design include addressing current norms around masculinity and gender roles, and improving communication within relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198118763934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]],"date-time":"2018-04-05T02:55:09Z","timestamp":1522896909000},"page":"824-835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Understanding the Relationship Between Female Sex Workers and Their Intimate Partners: Lessons and Initial Findings From Participatory Research in North Karnataka, South India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Parinita","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India"},{"name":"University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Thalinja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sapna","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India"},{"name":"Institute for Financial Management and Research, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Doddamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satyanarayana","family":"Ramanaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shajy","family":"Isac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Bangalore, India"},{"name":"University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara S.","family":"Beattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1090198118763934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9925-y"},{"key":"bibr2-1090198118763934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.022"},{"key":"bibr3-1090198118763934","unstructured":"AVERT. (2015). HIV and AIDS in India. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.avert.org\/professionals\/hiv-around-world\/asia-pacific\/india#footnote3_372z55s"},{"key":"bibr4-1090198118763934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2737-2"},{"key":"bibr5-1090198118763934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70066-X"},{"key":"bibr6-1090198118763934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.20079"},{"key":"bibr7-1090198118763934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-476"},{"key":"bibr8-1090198118763934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3356-7"},{"key":"bibr9-1090198118763934","unstructured":"Berkowitz L., Bohidar N., Hwang T., Shadravan N., Sool J. P. (2009). River of risk: Exploring women\u2019s sexual relationships and decision making, tools for the community. Atlanta, GA: CARE. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mutengo.co.za\/docs\/River%20of%20Risk%20.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-1090198118763934","volume-title":"Stepping Stones: A training package on HIV\/AIDS, communication and relationship skills","author":"Bhattacharjee P.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr11-1090198118763934","volume-title":"Managing HIV prevention from the ground up: AVAHAN\u2019s experience with peer led outreach at scale in India","author":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr12-1090198118763934","unstructured":"Blanchard A. K. (2015). A community-based qualitative study to explore the experience and understandings of intimate partner violence among female sex workers and their intimate partners in Karnataka, India (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). 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