{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:07:15Z","timestamp":1782871635974,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Educ Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies have examined the relationships between intimate partner violence (IPV) and the sexual and reproductive health outcomes of women in sub-Saharan countries in general and Ghana specifically. This study began to fill the gap by investigating whether individual- and community-level IPV influenced unwanted pregnancy and pregnancy loss among women in Ghana. Nationally representative cross-sectional data were collected from 2,289 ever-married women, and multilevel modeling was used to estimate individual- and community-level effects. At the individual level, IPV was significantly associated with unwanted pregnancy and pregnancy loss. Women with experience of both physical and sexual violence were more likely to have reported an unwanted pregnancy and a pregnancy loss. However, only those experiencing sexual violence reported unwanted pregnancies. Similarly, community-level IPV was associated with sexual health outcomes. Respondents in communities with higher levels of sexual violence were significantly more likely to have had unwanted pregnancies. The findings corroborate calls for policy makers to consider IPV a reproductive health issue. They also emphasize the need to move beyond individual-level interventions to consider structural and community contexts when addressing the sexual and reproductive health outcomes of women in Ghana.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198119859420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T00:20:42Z","timestamp":1563495642000},"page":"969-980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Intimate Partner Violence and the Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes of Women in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6127-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric Y.","family":"Tenkorang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bibr1-1090198119859420","first-page":"17","volume":"3","author":"Adhikari R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Health and Contraception"},{"key":"bibr2-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60096-9"},{"key":"bibr3-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243206298087"},{"key":"bibr4-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czp055"},{"key":"bibr5-1090198119859420","volume-title":"Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Ghana: A synthesis of research evidence","author":"Awusabo-Asare K.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr6-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000048954.50232.d8"},{"key":"bibr7-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.1.127"},{"key":"bibr8-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260503256657"},{"key":"bibr9-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801203255133"},{"key":"bibr10-1090198119859420","first-page":"847","volume":"11","author":"Bowman C. G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law"},{"key":"bibr11-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"bibr12-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300802423224"},{"key":"bibr13-1090198119859420","first-page":"744","volume":"9","author":"Chaquisse E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health in Africa"},{"key":"bibr14-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(00)00239-7"},{"key":"bibr15-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1655"},{"key":"bibr16-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-31"},{"key":"bibr17-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2014.01.012"},{"key":"bibr18-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217503261080"},{"key":"bibr19-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2008.00866.x"},{"key":"bibr20-1090198119859420","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Health Service, & ICF Macro. (2009). Ghana demographic and health survey 2008 [PDF file]. Accra, Ghana: Author. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR221\/FR221%5B13Aug2012%5D.pdf"},{"key":"bibr21-1090198119859420","volume-title":"Intimate partner violence and family planning: Opportunities for action","author":"Gilles K.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr22-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801217741992"},{"key":"bibr23-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2518"},{"key":"bibr24-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-7-11"},{"key":"bibr25-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03401.x"},{"key":"bibr26-1090198119859420","first-page":"37","volume":"19","author":"Hasstedt K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Guttmacher Policy Review"},{"key":"bibr27-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330801949541"},{"key":"bibr28-1090198119859420","unstructured":"International Planned Parenthood Federation. (2006). Ending child marriage: A guide for global policy action [PDF file]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/sites\/default\/files\/pub-pdf\/endchildmarriage.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00044-9"},{"key":"bibr30-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2002.00299.x"},{"key":"bibr31-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00012-6"},{"key":"bibr32-1090198119859420","first-page":"11","volume":"7","author":"Kamel S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Family & Reproductive Health"},{"key":"bibr33-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2003.0014"},{"key":"bibr34-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.050872"},{"key":"bibr35-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2003.12.002"},{"key":"bibr36-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks144"},{"key":"bibr37-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000304","volume":"3","author":"Maxwell L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"bibr38-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000146641.98665.b6"},{"key":"bibr39-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.07.013"},{"key":"bibr40-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2016.02.009"},{"key":"bibr41-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626000015003003"},{"key":"bibr42-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-015-0256-4"},{"key":"bibr43-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2002.00515.x"},{"key":"bibr44-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515596147"},{"key":"bibr45-1090198119859420","unstructured":"Odoi-Agyarko H. (2003). Profile of reproductive health situation in Ghana. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/countries\/gha\/publications\/Reproductive_Health_Profile.pdf"},{"key":"bibr46-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S105483"},{"key":"bibr47-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt295"},{"key":"bibr48-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3016504"},{"key":"bibr49-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12070"},{"key":"bibr50-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.599"},{"key":"bibr51-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-71"},{"key":"bibr52-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.55.3.157-162"},{"key":"bibr53-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00031"},{"key":"bibr54-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838007303504"},{"key":"bibr55-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.173393"},{"key":"bibr56-1090198119859420","first-page":"1246","volume":"114","author":"Silverman J. G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"bibr57-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001723"},{"key":"bibr58-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.136606"},{"key":"bibr59-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351733"},{"key":"bibr60-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016317130710"},{"key":"bibr61-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2007.00031.x"},{"key":"bibr62-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/44e6118"},{"key":"bibr63-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-013-9543-8"},{"key":"bibr64-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01593.x"},{"key":"bibr65-1090198119859420","unstructured":"United Nations. (2012). Taking on violence against women in Africa seriously. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/special-edition-women-2012\/taking-violence-against-women-africa"},{"key":"bibr66-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3020704"},{"key":"bibr67-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2007.0385"},{"key":"bibr68-1090198119859420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022893231951"},{"key":"bibr69-1090198119859420","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/violence\/24159358X\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr70-1090198119859420","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/violence\/9789241564625\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr71-1090198119859420","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2017). Violence against women. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/violence-against-women"}],"container-title":["Health Education &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1090198119859420","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1090198119859420","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1090198119859420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:36:51Z","timestamp":1777448211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1090198119859420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1090198119859420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198119859420","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-1981","1552-6127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]}}}