{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:34:39Z","timestamp":1777664079916,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1131279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1131279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1UM1HL134590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UM1HL134590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Educ Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Household air pollution adversely affects human health and the environment, yet more than 40% of the world still depends on solid cooking fuels. The House Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) randomized controlled trial is assessing the health effects of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and 18-month supply of free fuel in 3,200 households in rural Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted formative research in Guatemala to create visual messages that support the sustained, exclusive use of LPG in HAPIN intervention households.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted ethnographic research, including direct observation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 36), in-depth (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 18), and semistructured (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6) interviews, and 24 focus group discussions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 96) to understand participants\u2019 experience with LPG. Sixty participants were selected from a pilot study of LPG stove and 2-months of free fuel to assess the acceptability and use of LPG. Emergent themes were used to create visual messages based on observations and interviews in 40 households; messages were tested and revised in focus group discussions with 20 households.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 50 codes related to household air pollution and stoves; these were reduced into 24 themes relevant to LPG stoves, prioritizing 12 for calendars. Messages addressed fear and reluctance to use LPG; preference of wood stoves for cooking traditional foods; sustainability and accessibility of fuel; association between health outcomes and household air pollution; and the need for inspirational and aspirational messages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We created a flip chart and calendar illustrating themes to promote exclusive LPG use in HAPIN intervention households.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198121996280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T06:09:53Z","timestamp":1616047793000},"page":"651-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Developing Visual Messages to Support Liquefied Petroleum Gas Use in Intervention Homes in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) Trial in Rural Guatemala"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Mayar\u00ed","family":"Hengstermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anait\u00e9","family":"D\u00edaz-Artiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Otz\u00f3y-Suc\u00fac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Laura Maria Ruiz-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laura Ruiz, Graphic Designer, Guatemala City, 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