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However, smokers only partially adhere to smoking restrictions in their homes. Young children are particularly vulnerable to exposure to tobacco smoke because they spend more time at home. In this study, we designed an intervention program based on an empowerment theory to reduce passive smoking among children. The priority participants were nonsmoking mothers living with smokers who smoke in the presence of children. The aim of this randomized control trial study was to examine the effectiveness of this intervention in reducing children\u2019s exposure to tobacco smoke at home. The intervention group received tailored educational brochures and two follow-up counseling telephone calls at 2 and 8 weeks, which provided resources to support the mothers to increase their knowledge, skill, and self-confidence in promoting behavior shaping of smokers. The control group received only tailored educational brochures. We found the intervention group demonstrated a higher rate of maternal actions to reduce their children\u2019s exposure to smoke and a higher rate than the control group of attempts to avoid smoking in the presence of children at the 16-week follow-up. These results suggest that the intervention helped reduce passive smoking among children. These findings highlight the need to empower and train mothers to help them develop rules for smoking at home. These interventions could be applied in the home of children who live with smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10901981241242798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T08:55:04Z","timestamp":1712912104000},"page":"583-591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effectiveness of a Telephone Counseling Intervention in Reducing Passive Smoking Among Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-568X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanaporn","family":"Anuntaseree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uthaiwan","family":"Kongkanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanokpan","family":"Ruangnapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kantara","family":"Saelim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pharsai","family":"Prasertsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.11.1003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jsc.2014.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120303091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005992.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/ajhp.07043040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/133638"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.032003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.10931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61388-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198115614317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02506982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121215038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000511145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2009.02.003","article-title":"Health empowerment theory as a guide for practice","author":"Shearer N. 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