{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:38:58Z","timestamp":1777664338806,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020334","name":"Karen Toffler Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000077","name":"Division of Social and Economic Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000077","name":"Division of Social and Economic Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2049932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2049932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Educ Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Encouraging vaccine uptake among U.S. residents is an increasingly important public health issue that was magnified during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy, an important correlate of vaccine uptake, has been studied extensively in parents with respect to parental attitudes and decision-making toward vaccinating their children. Less work has examined parent attitudes and behaviors regarding personal vaccine uptake and how COVID-19-related vaccine attitudes and behaviors may differ from other types of vaccine attitudes and behaviors (e.g., influenza vaccination). We surveyed a probability-based sample of 585 United States adults in November 2021. Parents (i.e., primary caregiver of at least one child aged 18 years or younger, living in the home) compared to other adults, demographics (age, sex, income, education, ethnicity, urbanicity), and political affiliation were examined as correlates of COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and COVID-19 and influenza vaccine uptake. Multivariate linear regression analyses examined attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine. Compared to other adults, parents of children aged 18 years or younger reported more negative attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine. Multivariate logistic models examined the odds of COVID-19 vaccine and influenza vaccine uptake. Compared to other adults, parents of children aged 18 years or younger had a significantly lower odds of COVID-19 vaccine uptake; differences in influenza vaccine uptake were not statistically significant. Results suggest vaccination attitudes and behaviors may be pathogen specific. Tailored public health messaging that address the concerns of caregivers may help improve vaccine uptake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10901981251361433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:12:43Z","timestamp":1756206763000},"page":"128-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study Examining Vaccine Uptake and Attitudes Among Parents Compared to Other Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0577-8618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip M.","family":"Massey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8008-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5076-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Alison","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4013-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxane Cohen","family":"Silver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0435-9307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Rose","family":"Garfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht D. (2022). Vaccination politics and COVID-19 impacts. BMC Public Health 22(1) 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-021-12432-X","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12432-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs. (2023). COVID-19 vaccines. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/coronavirus\/covid-19-vaccines\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-On Y. M. Goldberg Y. Mandel M. Bodenheimer O. Amir O. Freedman L. Alroy-Preis S. Ash N. Huppert A. Milo R. (2022). Protection by a fourth dose of BNT162b2 against Omicron in Israel. New England Journal of Medicine 386(18) 1712\u20131720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMOA2201570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201570"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedford H. Attwell K. Danchin M. Marshall H. Corben P. Leask J. (2018). Vaccine hesitancy refusal and access barriers: The need for clarity in terminology. Vaccine 36(44) 6556\u20136558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2017.08.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callegaro M. Villar A. Yeager D. Krosnick J. (2014). A critical review of studies investigating the quality of data obtained with online panels based on probability and nonprobability samples. In Callegaro M. Baker R. Bethlehem J. G\u00f6ritz A. S. Krosnick J. A. Lavrakas P. J. (Eds.) Online panel research: A data quality perspective (pp. 23\u201353). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118763520.ch2","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118763520.ch2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a). COVID-19 vaccination coverage and vaccine confidence among adults. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/imz-managers\/coverage\/covidvaxview\/interactive\/adults.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b November 8). Flu vaccination coverage United States 2022\u201323 influenza season. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/fluvaxview\/coverage-2223estimates.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024 January 5). Vaccination trends\u2014Adults. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/respiratory-viruses\/data-research\/dashboard\/vaccination-trends-adults.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chun G. J. Sautter J. M. Patterson B. J. McGhan W. F. (2016). Diffusion of pharmacy-based influenza vaccination over time in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 106(6) 1099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303142","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damnjanovi\u0107 K. Graeber J. Ili\u0107 S. Lam W. Y. Lep \u017d. Morales S. Pulkkinen T. Vingerhoets L. (2018). Parental decision-making on childhood vaccination. Frontiers in Psychology 9 326661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPSYG.2018.00735","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25151355241288115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.05.069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dearing J. W. Singhal A. (2020). New directions for diffusion of innovations research: Dissemination implementation and positive deviance. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2(4) 307\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/HBE2.216","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domnich A. Grassi R. Fallani E. Spurio A. Bruzzone B. Panatto D. Marozzi B. Cambiaggi M. Vasco A. Orsi A. Icardi G. (2021). Changes in attitudes and beliefs concerning vaccination and influenza vaccines between the first and second COVID-19 pandemic waves: A longitudinal study. Vaccines 9(9) 1016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/VACCINES9091016","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dub\u00e9 E. Laberge C. Guay M. Bramadat P. Roy R. Bettinger J. (2013). Vaccine hesitancy. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 9(8) 1763\u20131773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/HV.24657","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.24657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2237374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feig E. H. Celano C. M. Massey C. N. Chung W. J. Romero P. Harnedy L. E. Huffman J. C. (2021). Association of midlife status with response to a positive psychology intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry 62(2) 220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYM.2020.06.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2022.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","unstructured":"Funk C. (2017). Parents of young children are more \u201cvaccine hesitant.\u201d Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2017\/02\/06\/parents-of-young-children-are-more-vaccine-hesitant\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galanis P. Vraka I. Siskou O. Konstantakopoulou O. Katsiroumpa A. Kaitelidou D. (2022). Willingness refusal and influential factors of parents to vaccinate their children against the COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine 157 106994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YPMED.2022.106994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.106994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graupensperger S. Abdallah D. A. Lee C. M. (2021). Social norms and vaccine uptake: College students\u2019 COVID vaccination intentions attitudes and estimated peer norms and comparisons with influenza vaccine. Vaccine 39(15) 2060\u20132067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2021.03.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray A. Fisher C. B. (2022). Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in adolescents 12\u201317 years old: Examining pediatric vaccine hesitancy among racially diverse parents in the United States. Frontiers in Public Health 10 844310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPUBH.2022.844310","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.844310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grohskopf L. A. Alyanak E. Ferdinands J. M. Broder K. R. Blanton L. H. Talbot H. K. Fry A. M. (2021). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices United States 2021\u201322 influenza season. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 70(5) 1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/MMWR.RR7005A1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7005a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammershaimb E. A. Cole L. D. Liang Y. Hendrich M. A. Das D. Petrin R. Cataldi J. R. O\u2019leary S. T. Campbell J. D. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among US parents: A nationally representative survey. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 11(8) 361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JPIDS\/PIAC049","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piac049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris J. N. Mauro C. M. Morgan T. L. de Roche A. Zimet G. D. Rosenthal S. L. (2023). Factors impacting parental uptake of COVID-19 vaccination for U.S. children ages 5\u201317. Vaccine 41(20) 3151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2023.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holman A. E. Thompson R. R. Garfin D. R. Silver R. C. (2020). The unfolding COVID-19 pandemic: A probability-based nationally representative study of mental health in the United States. Science Advances 6(42) 5390\u20135404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIADV.ABD5390","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd5390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson A. Montelpare W. J. Butt A. Costantino C. Tchounwou P. B. (2021). Predictors of vaccine hesitancy: Implications for COVID-19 public health messaging. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(15) 8054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJERPH18158054","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humlum M. K. Morthorst M. O. Thingholm P. R. (2024). Sibling spillovers and the choice to get vaccinated: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design. Journal of Health Economics 94 102843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JHEALECO.2023.102843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2023.102843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14889"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lachman M. E. Teshale S. Agrigoroaei S. (2015). Midlife as a pivotal period in the life course: Balancing growth and decline at the crossroads of youth and old age. International Journal of Behavioral Development 39(1) 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0165025414533223","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025414533223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larson H. J. Jarrett C. Eckersberger E. Smith D. M. D. Paterson P. (2014). Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature 2007\u20132012. Vaccine 32(19) 2150\u20132159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2014.01.081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leong C. Jin L. Kim D. Kim J. Teo Y. Y. Ho T. H. (2022). Assessing the impact of novelty and conformity on hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines using mRNA technology. Communications Medicine 2(1) 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-022-00123-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00123-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limaye R. J. Opel D. J. Dempsey A. Ellingson M. Spina C. Omer S. B. Dudley M. Z. Salmon D. A. Leary S. O. (2021). Communicating with vaccine-hesitant parents: A narrative review. Academic Pediatrics 21(4) S24\u2013S29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2021.01.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2021.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livingston G. Huntley J. Sommerlad A. Ames D. Ballard C. Banerjee S. Brayne C. Burns A. Cohen-Mansfield J. Cooper C. Costafreda S. G. Dias A. Fox N. Gitlin L. N. Howard R. Kales H. C. Kivim\u00e4ki M. Larson E. B. Ogunniyi A. . . . Mukadam N. (2020). Dementia prevention intervention and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet 396(10248) 413\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manganello J. A. Chiang S. C. Cowlin H. Kearney M. D. Massey P. M. (2023). HPV and COVID-19 vaccines: Social media use confidence and intentions among parents living in different community types in the United States. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 46(1\u20132) 212\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10865-022-00316-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-022-00316-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercadante A. R. Law A. V. (2021). Will they or won\u2019t they? Examining patients\u2019 vaccine intention for flu and COVID-19 using the Health Belief Model. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 17(9) 1596\u20131605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SAPHARM.2020.12.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo P. K. H. Luo S. Wang S. Zhao J. Zhang G. Li L. Li L. Xie L. Lau J. T. F. (2021). Intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccination in China: Application of the diffusion of innovations theory and the moderating role of openness to experience. Vaccines 9(2) 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/VACCINES9020129","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson O. Berry C. Kumar N. (2020). Addressing parental vaccine hesitancy towards childhood vaccines in the United States: A systematic literature review of communication interventions and strategies. Vaccines 8(4) 590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines8040590","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040590"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olusanya O. A. Bednarczyk R. A. Davis R. L. Shaban-Nejad A. (2021). Addressing parental vaccine hesitancy and other barriers to childhood\/adolescent vaccination uptake during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Frontiers in Immunology 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2021.663074","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.663074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panchalingam T. Shi Y. (2022). Parental refusal and hesitancy of vaccinating children against COVID-19: Findings from a nationally representative sample of parents in the U.S. Preventive Medicine 164 107288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YPMED.2022.107288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107288"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panozzo C. A. Head K. J. Kornides M. L. Feemster K. A. Zimet G. D. (2020). Tailored messages addressing human papillomavirus vaccination concerns improves behavioral intent among mothers: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 67(2) 253\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.01.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","unstructured":"Perrin A. Atske S. (2021). 7% of Americans don\u2019t use the internet. Who are they? Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/short-reads\/2021\/04\/02\/7-of-americans-dont-use-the-internet-who-are-they\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierce M. McManus S. Jessop C. John A. Hotopf M. Ford T. Hatch S. Wessely S. Abel K. M. (2020). Says who? The significance of sampling in mental health surveys during COVID-19. The Lancet Psychiatry 7(7) 567\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30237-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30237-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Relihan D. P. Holman A. E. Garfin D. R. Ditto P. H. Silver R. C. (2023). Politicization of a pathogen: A prospective longitudinal study of COVID-19 responses in a nationally representative U.S. sample. Political Psychology 44(6) 1193\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/POPS.12894","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12894"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers A. A. Cook R. E. Button J. A. (2021). Parent and peer norms are unique correlates of COVID-19 vaccine intentions in a diverse sample of U.S. adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health 69(6) 910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JADOHEALTH.2021.09.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen B. Goodson P. (2013). A recommendation to use the diffusion of innovations theory to understand school nurses\u2019 role in HPV vaccine uptake. Community Health Equity Research & Policy 34(1) 37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/IQ.34.1.D","DOI":"10.2190\/IQ.34.1.d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10519-035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid P. Rauber D. Betsch C. Lidolt G. Denker M. L. (2017). Barriers of influenza vaccination intention and behavior: A systematic review of influenza vaccine hesitancy 2005 \u2013 2016. PLOS ONE 12(1) e0170550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0170550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonson M. D. Baum M. Lazer D. Ognyanova K. Gitomer A. Perlis R. Uslu A. Druckman J. Green J. Santillana M. Quintana A. Lin J. (2021). The COVID States Project #45: Vaccine hesitancy and resistance among parents. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/OSF.IO\/E95BC","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/e95bc_v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang S. Liu X. Jia Y. Chen H. Zheng P. Fu H. Xiao Q. (2023). Education level modifies parental hesitancy about COVID-19 vaccinations for their children. Vaccine 41(2) 496\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2022.11.060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeager D. S. Krosnick J. A. Chang L. Javitz H. S. Levendusky M. S. Simpser A. Wang R. (2011). Comparing the accuracy of RDD telephone surveys and internet surveys conducted with probability and non-probability samples. Public Opinion Quarterly 75(4) 709\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/POQ\/NFR020","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfr020"}],"container-title":["Health Education &amp; Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10901981251361433","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10901981251361433","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10901981251361433","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10901981251361433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:35:48Z","timestamp":1777448148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10901981251361433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10901981251361433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10901981251361433","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-1981","1552-6127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]}}}