{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:28:54Z","timestamp":1777663734017,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,9,1]],"date-time":"1985-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":494380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Education Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents results from an experimental study designed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of three methods of teaching women how to do breast self-examination (BSE). Frequency of BSE, confidence in examination performance, proficiency of BSE technique, and lump detection performance were the main outcome variables assessed. The three training methods compared in this study were provision of a pamphlet describing how to do BSE, having women view a videotape depicting proper performance of BSE, and having women practice doing BSE on a life-like breast model. Results showed that passive methods of BSE instruction such as the use of pamphlets or films were of little value in helping women develop the tactile skills necessary for proficient BSE. Three months after training, it was found that lump detection performance, as measured on silicone breast models, was significantly higher among those women who had been given an opportunity to practice doing the breast examination on a breast model with corrective feedback given by a BSE instructor. The opportunity to practice doing the examination with corrective feedback on performance appears to be a critical variable in the acquisition of BSE skill.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818501200304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]],"date-time":"2007-02-13T18:51:22Z","timestamp":1171392682000},"page":"259-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Comparison of Three Methods of Teaching Women How to Perform Breast Self-Examination"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Annlouise R.","family":"Assaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pawtucket Heart Health Program, Memorial Hospital, Pawtucket, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Michael","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Control and Epidemiology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saxon","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Curtis","family":"Mettlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Control and Epidemiology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1985,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results: Incidence and Mortality Data. 1973-77","author":"Young J Jr","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Cancer Facts and Figures. 1984","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Petrakis N. Ernster V., King M.: Breast, in Schottenfeld D. Fraumeni J Jr (eds): Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Philadephia. WB Saunders . 1981, pp 855-870."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196911)24:5<1071::AID-CNCR2820240533>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800615)45:12<2917::AID-CNCR2820451203>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197808102990601"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197808102990602"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19810601)47:11<2740::AID-CNCR2820471133>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"A Measure of Progress in Public Understanding","author":"National Institutes of Health: Brcast Cancer","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(80)80095-4"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197707)40:1<364::AID-CNCR2820400151>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Assaf A., Cummings K. Walsh D.: The relationship between breast self-examination frequency, technique. and breast lump detection, in Mettlin C. Murphy GP (eds): Progress in Cancer Control IV: Research in the Cancer Center. New York. Alan R Liss, 1983, pp 323-329."},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800715)46:2<408::AID-CNCR2820460233>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206229"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Mettlin C. Cummings K.: Experience with a cancer prevention-detection center, in Newell GR (ed): Cancer Prevention in Clinical Medicine. New York, Raven Press , 1983, pp 131-146."},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Wilkes B.: The development of a two-tier BSE educational program, in Mettlin C, Murphy G (eds): Progress in Cancer Control: A Regional Approach. New York, Alan R Liss, 1983, pp 127-131."},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Pennypacker H. , Goldstein M. Stein G.: A precise method of manual breast self-examination , in Mettlin C. Murphy GP (eds): Progress in Cancer Control IV: Research in the Cancer Center. New York, Alan R Liss, 1983, pp 305-311."},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.71.3.251"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-197703000-00016"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"37","volume":"11","author":"Haughey B.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Oncol Nurs Forum"}],"container-title":["Health Education Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/109019818501200304","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/109019818501200304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:33:27Z","timestamp":1777448007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/109019818501200304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/109019818501200304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/109019818501200304","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-8402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-8402","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,9]]}}}