{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:47:29Z","timestamp":1790387249452,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1986,12,1]],"date-time":"1986-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":533779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Education Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intravenous (IV) drug users are the second largest risk group for AIDS and the main source of infection for heterosexual partner and pediatric AIDS cases. IV drug users have an addiction and a subculture that make risk reduction difficult; for example, to refuse to share needles can endanger personal relationships, and carrying clean works (rather than renting them in a shooting gallery) risks arrest. In New York City, at least, knowledge about AIDS transmission is widespread among IV drug users, and most drug injectors report having changed their drug use practices to reduce their risks. The main functions of health education in areas where IV drug users have this level of knowledge are to disseminate news of new discoveries; reach those drug users who have not yet learned AIDS basics; reinforce what is already known; and provide in formation about new programs to help drug users deal with AIDS-related problems. To encourage behavior change requires going beyond simple education, however; it entails trying to change IV drug user subculture. Drug user groups in the Netherlands and in New York City are attempting to do this from within the subculture. Outside intervention requires repeated messages from multiple sources; face-to-face, interactive communication; and perhaps the use of ex-addicts as health educators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818601300409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]],"date-time":"2007-02-13T18:51:22Z","timestamp":1171392682000},"page":"383-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["AIDS Health Education for Intravenous Drug Users"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Narcotic and Drug Research, Inc., AIDS Research Coordinator"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Don C.","family":"Des Jarlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services, Assistant Deputy Director for Research and Evaluation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo L.","family":"Sotheran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Narcotic and Drug Research, Inc., Data Analyst"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control, AIDS Surveillance: Personal Communication to SR Friedman, February, 1986."},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control, AIDS Surveillance: Personal Communication to SR Friedman, February, 1986."},{"key":"atypb3","volume":"1","author":"Eckholm E.","year":"1985","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control, AIDS Surveillance: Personal Communication to SR Friedman, February, 1986."},{"key":"atypb5","volume":"1","author":"Altman LK","year":"1986","journal-title":"New York Times."},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Data Book on Drug Treatment Outcomes","author":"Simpson DD","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Presented at International Conference on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)","author":"Lawrence DN"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Antibody to LAV in Parenteral Drug Abusers and Methadone Maintained Patients: Therapeutic, Historical and Ethical Aspects","author":"Novick D."},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"A Stage Model of HTLV-III\/LAV Infection in Intravenous Drug Users","author":"Des Jarlais DC"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Ripping and Running: A Formal Ethnography of Urban Heroin Addicts","author":"Agar MH","year":"1973"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Socialization in Drug Abuse","author":"Coombs RH","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Drugs, Rituals and Altered States of Consciousness","author":"DuToit, BM","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Johnson BD: Toward a theory of drug subcultures, in Lettieri DJ (ed): Theories on Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph 30: Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse 1980, pp. 110-119."},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Street Ethnography","author":"Weppner RS","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Marijuana Users and Drug Subcultures","author":"Johnson BD","year":"1973"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Johnson BD: Toward a theory of drug subcultures, in Lettieri DJ (ed): Theories on Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph 30. Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1980, pp. 110-119."},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826086909061998"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Ripping and Running: A Formal Ethnography of Urban Heroin Addicts","author":"Agar MH","year":"1973"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.43.4.64m061v484th3871"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"AIDS and needle sharing within the intravenous drug use subculture","author":"Des Jarlais DC"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Research design, drug use and deaths: cross study comparisons","author":"Des Jarlais DC","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Presented at Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association","author":"Selwyn PA"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Presented at Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association","author":"Selwyn PA"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Personal communication to SR Friedman","author":"Selwyn PA","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-5-755"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"23","volume":"313","author":"Des Jarlais DC","year":"1985","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350260073029"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Continued injection as a co-factor for T4 cell loss among IV drug users exposed to HTLV-III\/LAV","author":"Des Jarlais DC"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90861-4"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"A Description of Methadone Maintenance Patients and Their Children","author":"Deren S.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Intravenous Drug Users and Their Children","author":"Des Jarlais DC"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Presented at Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association","author":"Selwyn PA"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"presented at conference on AIDS in the Drug Abuse Community and Heterosexual Transmission","author":"Buning Ernst"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Personal Communication wtih SR Friedman","author":"Buning Ernst","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"Coutinho Roeland: Prevention of AIDS among Drug Users in Amsterdam, presented at conference on AIDS in the Drug Abuse Community and Heterosexual Transmission, Newark, New Jersey, April 1, 1986."},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"Coutinho Roeland: Personal Communication with SR Friedman, March 1986."},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Rotterdam Addictive Diseases Doundation: Personal communication with SR Friedman","author":"Kaplan Charles","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"presented at The 14th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence","author":"van de Wijngaart GF"},{"key":"atypb39","author":"Friedman SR","journal-title":"Stichting Drug Symposium"}],"container-title":["Health Education Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/109019818601300409","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/109019818601300409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:33:34Z","timestamp":1777448014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/109019818601300409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/109019818601300409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/109019818601300409","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-8402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-8402","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]}}}