{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:29:29Z","timestamp":1791145769320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,12,1]],"date-time":"1992-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":723168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Education Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We review the \"designated driver\" concept and the current debate over its role in preventing alcohol-impaired driving. In our view, the focus on this strategy by broadcasters, the alcohol industry, and various public service groups has deflected attention from other alcohol-related problems that account for the vast majority of deaths and injuries associated with alcohol use. This focus has also distracted many public health advocates and policymakers from the bigger and more important jobs of increasing public awareness of the social, environmental, and economic factors that influence alcohol consumption and promoting debate on legislation and other public policy solutions to alcohol-impaired driving. As part of a comprehensive strategy, we strongly encourage a renewed focus on \"sobriety checkpoints,\" strict enforcement of laws against alcohol sales to minors, alcohol advertising reform, increased excise taxes, and other public policy initiatives supported by the Surgeon General. These measures will curb underage and heavy alcohol consumption and will create a legal and social environment in which individuals are motivated to avoid impaired driving through several alternative strategies, including but not limited to the use of designated drivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819201900407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]],"date-time":"2007-02-13T18:51:22Z","timestamp":1171392682000},"page":"429-442","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"William","family":"DeJong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Wallack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"atypb1","first-page":"4","volume":"4","year":"1989","journal-title":"Public Pulse"},{"key":"atypb2","author":"Gallup G. 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Unpublished data. Princeton, NJ: The Gallup Organization, September 1990. Available from Mothers Against Drunk Driving, 511 East John Carpenter Freeway, Suite 700, Irving, Texas 75062."},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Alcohol and the College Freshman: \"Binge\" Drinking and Associated Problems","author":"Wechsler H.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb20","author":"Lipman J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":". Information Alert: September 9, 1991. Washington, DC, Alcohol Advocacy Resource Center, Advocacy Institute."},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Seventh Special Report to the U. S. Congress on Alcohol and Health from the Secretary of Health and Human Services","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1989.50.54"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Responsible Beverage Service: An Implementation Handbook for Communities","author":"Mosher JF","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"43","author":"Seal AB","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adolesc Counselor"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"12","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prev File"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Safe Ride\/Designated Driver Programs: Are They \"Enabling\"?","author":"Onder JJ","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Message and Material Review Process","author":"Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"On the use of mass communications to promote the public health. Surgeon General's Workshop on Organ Donation: Background Papers","author":"DeJong W.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Media Action Alert","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/U6TR-VXNV-WLCE-C13C"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Psychological Probe: Drinking and Driving and the Designated Driver","author":"Saatchi &amp; Saatchi DFS Compton, Inc.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088209064068"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Determinants of Youth Attitudes and Skills Towards Which Drinking\/Driving Prevention Programs Should Be Directed (DOT HS 807 130 Final Report","author":"Klitzner M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Injury Prevention: Meeting the Challenge","author":"National Committee for Injury Prevention and Control","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"Estimating effects of increased federal excise tax on alcoholic beverages. Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving: Proceedings","author":"Phelps CE","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Alcohol beverage control policies: Their role in preventing alcohol-impaired driving. Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving: Background Papers","author":"Wagenaar AC","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb38","series-title":"Social Control of the Drinking Driver.","volume-title":"Deterrence-based policies in Britain, Canada, and Australia","author":"Ross HL","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"1989 Traffic Fatality Facts","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb40","first-page":"117","volume":"7","author":"Hingson R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Alcohol Drugs Driving"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Fatal crash involvement and laws against alcohol-impaired driving","author":"Zador PL","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"College Students' Reactions to a Designated Driver Program","author":"Shore E.","year":"1988"},{"issue":"124","key":"atypb43","volume":"10","author":"Advertising Council","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ad Council Public Service Advertising Bulletin"},{"key":"atypb44","volume-title":"Responsible Hospitality Institute","author":"James Peters","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"The Review and Assessment of Designated Driver Programs as an Alcohol Countermeasure Approach (DOT HS 807 108 Final Report","author":"Apsler R.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb46","series-title":"Mass Communication and Public Health: Complexities and Conflicts.","volume-title":"Mass media and health promotion: Promise, problem, and challenge","author":"Wallack L.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb47","volume-title":"Fatal Accident Reporting System 1989","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb48","volume-title":"Surgeon General's Workshop on Drunk Driving: Proceedings","author":"Office of the Surgeon General","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Health Education Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/109019819201900407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/109019819201900407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:34:30Z","timestamp":1777448070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/109019819201900407"}},"subtitle":["The Role of Designated Driver Programs in the Prevention of Alcohol-Impaired Driving: A Critical Reassessment"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/109019819201900407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/109019819201900407","relation":{},"ISSN":["0195-8402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0195-8402","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}}}