{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:37:18Z","timestamp":1777718238150,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,28]],"date-time":"2014-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Continued improvements in the ballistic properties of military munitions have led to metal formulations for which little are known about the long-term health effects. Previously we have shown that a military-grade tungsten alloy comprised of tungsten, nickel, and cobalt, when embedded into the leg muscle of F344 rats to simulate a fragment wound, induces highly aggressive metastatic rhabdomyosarcomas. An important follow-up when assessing a compound\u2019s carcinogenic potential is to test it in a second rodent species. In this study, we assessed the health effects of embedded fragments of 2 military-grade tungsten alloys, tungsten\/nickel\/cobalt and tungsten\/nickel\/iron, in the B6C3F\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    mouse. Implantation of tungsten\/nickel\/cobalt pellets into the quadriceps muscle resulted in the formation of a rhabdomyosarcoma around the pellet. Conversely, implantation of tungsten\/nickel\/iron did not result in tumor formation. Unlike what was seen in the rat model, the tumors induced by the tungsten\/nickel\/cobalt did not exhibit aggressive growth patterns and did not metastasize.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581814565038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,28]],"date-time":"2014-12-28T21:28:44Z","timestamp":1419802124000},"page":"44-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Induction of Rhabdomyosarcoma by Embedded Military-Grade Tungsten\/Nickel\/Cobalt Not by Tungsten\/Nickel\/Iron in the B6C3F\n                    <sub>1<\/sub>\n                    Mouse"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Christy A.","family":"Emond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vernieda B.","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Lombardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Current address: Comparative Pathology and Research Veterinary Medicine Department, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Mog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Sciences Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Current address: Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Kalinich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Contamination and Metal Toxicity Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1091581814565038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0739-6686.32.63"},{"key":"bibr2-1091581814565038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110201261"},{"key":"bibr3-1091581814565038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/49.1.29"},{"key":"bibr4-1091581814565038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0211051"},{"key":"bibr5-1091581814565038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31824fe138"},{"key":"bibr6-1091581814565038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e31827b1740"},{"key":"bibr7-1091581814565038","volume-title":"Application of Life Cycle Analysis: The Case of Green Bullets. 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