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Cytokines play a broad role to help the immune system respond to diseases, and drugs which modulate their effect have led to some amazing therapies. Cytokines may be \u201cgood\u201d when stimulating the immune system to fight a foreign pathogen or attack tumors. Other \u201cgood\u201d cytokine effects include reduction of an immune response, for example interferon \u03b2 reduction of neuron inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis. They may be \u201cbad\u201d when their expression causes inflammatory diseases, such as the role of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 in rheumatoid arthritis or asthma and Crohn\u2019s disease. Therapeutic modulation of cytokine expression can help the \u201cgood\u201d cytokines to generate or quench the immune system and block the \u201cbad\u201d cytokines to prevent damaging inflammatory events. However, care must be exercised, as some antibody therapeutics can cause \u201cugly\u201d cytokine release which can be deadly. Well-designed toxicology studies should incorporate careful assessment of cytokine modulation that will allow effective therapies to treat unmet needs. This symposium discussed lessons learned in cytokine toxicology using case studies and suggested future directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581815584918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,27]],"date-time":"2015-05-27T09:46:20Z","timestamp":1432719980000},"page":"355-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Thulasi","family":"Ramani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntingdon Life Sciences, Somerset, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol S.","family":"Auletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntingdon Life Sciences, Somerset, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Weinstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Mounho-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ToxStrategies, Inc, Bend, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia C.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedImmune, Gaithesburg, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora W.","family":"Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Bannish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntingdon Life Sciences, Somerset, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1091581815584918","unstructured":"Web site. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/Guidances\/ucm304390.htm. 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