{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:40:00Z","timestamp":1777718400548,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]],"date-time":"2016-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Subacute and subchronic studies were conducted to assess the toxicity of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and to provide information important for protecting the health of military and civilian personnel. In the subchronic study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with DNAN via oral gavage at 0, 1.25, 5, 20, and 80 mg\/kg\/d. Likely owing to its conversion to 2,4-dinitrophenol, an inhibitor of energy homeostasis, DNAN caused an apparent increase in metabolism, leading to reduced feed efficiency ratios and body mass gains in males. Anemia, splenic enlargement, hemosiderosis, and extramedullary hematopoiesis indicated blood as a target organ, with females more sensitive than males. The DNAN was a testicular toxicant, causing decreased mass of testes and epididymides, as well as degeneration and atrophy of testicular seminiferous tubules and epididymal aspermia. Stereotypical behavior in males, gait irregularities, and cerebellar lesions indicated that DNAN is neurotoxic. Splenic enlargement, anemia, testicular toxicity, and neurotoxicity occurred only at or near lethal doses in the subchronic study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581816670321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]],"date-time":"2016-10-07T21:09:30Z","timestamp":1475874570000},"page":"692-711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Oral Toxicity of 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Emily May","family":"Lent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Public Health Center, Toxicology Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee C.B.","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Public Health Center, Toxicology Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Army Public Health Center, Toxicology Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1091581816670321","volume-title":"MSDS: 2,4-Dinitroanisole","author":"BAE","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr2-1091581816670321","volume-title":"Characterisation of 2,4-Dinitroanisole: An Ingredient for Use in Low Sensitivity Melt Cast Formulations","author":"Davies PJ","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr3-1091581816670321","first-page":"463","volume-title":"Pesticides Studied in Man","author":"Hayes WJ.","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr4-1091581816670321","volume-title":"Recommendation of an Occupational Exposure Level for PAX-21","author":"Dodd DE","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr5-1091581816670321","volume-title":"Acute Inhalation Toxicity and Blood Absorption of 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) in Rats","author":"Crouse LC","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr6-1091581816670321","volume-title":"2,4-Dinitroanisole: An Acute (4-Hour) Inhalation Toxicity Study in the Rat via Nose-Only Exposure","author":"Hoffman GM.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr7-1091581816670321","volume-title":"2,4-Dinitroanisole: A 2-Week Inhalation Toxicity Study in the Rat via Nose-Only Exposures","author":"Hoffman GM.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr8-1091581816670321","volume-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","author":"National Research Council","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr9-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(93)90065-V"},{"key":"bibr10-1091581816670321","unstructured":"Armstrong LE. HydrationCheck. 2011. http:\/\/www.hydrationcheck.com\/about.php. Updated 2011. Accessed February 15, 2011."},{"key":"bibr11-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540600702198"},{"key":"bibr12-1091581816670321","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr13-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691103"},{"key":"bibr14-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262330002800107"},{"key":"bibr15-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(03)00031-7"},{"key":"bibr16-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.09.013"},{"key":"bibr17-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.151"},{"key":"bibr18-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033979"},{"key":"bibr19-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199411000-00009"},{"key":"bibr20-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0512"},{"key":"bibr21-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339502300410"},{"key":"bibr22-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8805"},{"key":"bibr23-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339702500201"},{"key":"bibr24-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009841097160401"},{"key":"bibr25-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379501100302"},{"key":"bibr26-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1263(199607)16:4<289::AID-JAT349>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"bibr27-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398209530188"},{"key":"bibr28-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(84)90078-7"},{"key":"bibr29-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760290025933"},{"key":"bibr30-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00130-2"},{"key":"bibr31-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.09.008"},{"key":"bibr32-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.05.013"},{"key":"bibr33-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.02.009"},{"key":"bibr34-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.20398"},{"key":"bibr35-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233710387004"},{"key":"bibr36-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/30.3.219"},{"key":"bibr37-1091581816670321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109158180102000203"},{"key":"bibr38-1091581816670321","unstructured":"Occupational Alliance for Risk Science. Workplace Environmental Exposure Level: 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN); Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA) Center, Occupational Alliance for Risk Science; 2014."},{"key":"bibr39-1091581816670321","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Chemical Assessment Summary: 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT); CASRN 118-96-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment; 1988."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1091581816670321","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1091581816670321","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1091581816670321","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:25:02Z","timestamp":1777458302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1091581816670321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1091581816670321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1091581816670321","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-5818","1092-874X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-5818","type":"print"},{"value":"1092-874X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]]}}}