{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:34:21Z","timestamp":1777718061151,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002429","name":"Amgen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sotorasib is a first-in-class KRAS\n                    <jats:sup>G12C<\/jats:sup>\n                    covalent inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of tumors with the KRAS p.G12C mutation. A comprehensive nonclinical safety assessment package, including secondary\/safety pharmacology and toxicology studies, was conducted to support the marketing application for sotorasib. Sotorasib was negative in a battery of genotoxicity assays and negative in an in vitro phototoxicity assay. Based on in vitro assays, sotorasib had no off-target effects against various receptors, enzymes (including numerous kinases), ion channels, or transporters. Consistent with the tumor-specific target distribution (ie, KRAS\n                    <jats:sup>G12C<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), there were no primary pharmacology-related on-target effects identified. The kidney was identified as a target organ in the rat but not the dog. Renal toxicity in the rat was characterized by tubular degeneration and necrosis restricted to a specific region suggesting that the toxicity was attributed to the local formation of a putative toxic reactive metabolite. In the 3-month dog study, adaptive changes of hepatocellular hypertrophy due to drug metabolizing enzyme induction were observed in the liver that was associated with secondary effects in the pituitary and thyroid gland. Sotorasib was not teratogenic and had no direct effect on embryo-fetal development in the rat or rabbit. Human, dog, and rat circulating metabolites, M24, M10, and M18, raised no clinically relevant safety concerns based on the general toxicology studies, primary\/secondary pharmacology screening, an in vitro human ether-\u00e0-go-go-related gene assay, or mutagenicity assessment. Overall, the results of the nonclinical safety program support a high benefit\/risk ratio of sotorasib for the treatment of patients with KRAS p.G12C-mutated tumors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818211022965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T05:07:53Z","timestamp":1623906473000},"page":"427-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nonclinical Safety Profile of Sotorasib, a KRAS\n                    <sup>G12C<\/sup>\n                    -Specific Covalent Inhibitor for the Treatment of\n                    <i>KRAS p.G12C<\/i>\n                    -Mutated Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2808-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsu","family":"Ishida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1982-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhian","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Wahlstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James Russell","family":"Lipford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Monticello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1694-1"},{"key":"bibr2-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01180"},{"key":"bibr3-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.06.009"},{"key":"bibr4-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12796"},{"key":"bibr5-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.020"},{"key":"bibr6-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917239"},{"key":"bibr7-10915818211022965","volume-title":"2020 World Conference on Lung Cancer","author":"Li BT"},{"key":"bibr8-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.10.135"},{"key":"bibr9-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.10.137"},{"key":"bibr10-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.56.070187.004023"},{"key":"bibr11-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2438"},{"key":"bibr12-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-17-0151"},{"key":"bibr13-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0789-x"},{"key":"bibr14-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201900107"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr15-10915818211022965","first-page":"195","volume":"187","author":"Jollow DJ","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"bibr16-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1068"},{"key":"bibr17-10915818211022965","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1358"},{"key":"bibr18-10915818211022965","volume-title":"Test Guideline No. 432. 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