{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:58:11Z","timestamp":1790873891828,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plastics have been widely used for several decades, but their persistence in the environment has resulted in the widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) in the air, water, and soil. With particle sizes smaller than 5\u00a0mm, MPs are now recognized as emerging contaminants of concern owing to their potential impact on human health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to conduct a critical narrative umbrella review of published reviews and primary studies on microplastic exposure and human health. Specifically, the objective was to synthesize evidence across the major exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal), summarize the associated health outcomes, and critically appraise common themes, inconsistencies, and knowledge gaps. This review provides guidance for future research and policy directions by aligning findings with methodological strengths and limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MPs are consistently detected in food, water, air, human stool, blood, placenta, and breast milk. Reported outcomes include gastrointestinal inflammation, gut microbiota disruption, respiratory diseases, endocrine and reproductive dysfunction, and possible neurotoxicity. Inhalation is increasingly recognized as significant, and ingestion remains the most studied, whereas dermal exposure is underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microplastics represent a pervasive and complex public health challenge. This umbrella review underscores the need for harmonized methodologies, epidemiological investigations, and mechanistic studies that reflect real-world exposure. Strengthening this evidence base is essential for risk assessment, regulation, and public awareness of the health impacts of microplastics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818251392140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T16:35:36Z","timestamp":1762014936000},"page":"287-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microplastics: A Narrative Review on Modes of Exposure and Impact on Human Health"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9116-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandhya","family":"Jinesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Services, CVS Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajan","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-021-00278-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-023-01593-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-023-00273-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01143-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2019.1700598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134267"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1330396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2023.0048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137561"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2019.100206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16073077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145793"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26918-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18268-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.104262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12183396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-022-00093-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2021-0103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9010072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04885-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143872"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134455"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EM00301A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat MA Eraslan FN Gedik K Gaga EO. (2021) Impact of Textile Product Emissions: Toxicological Considerations in Assessing Indoor Air Quality and Human Health. In: Malik JA Marathe S (eds) Ecological and Health Effects of Building Materials 1st edn. Springer Nature Switzerland pp 505\u2013541.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76073-1_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0543-RA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2022.100441"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1830747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang C Ginn B Livingston NK et al. Medical fibers and biotextiles. In Biomaterials Science; Academic Press: Cambridge MA USA. 2020; pp. 575-600.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816137-1.00038-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166745"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051509"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2023.2195798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157639"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EM00553G"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrncir T. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Triggers Consequences Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options. Microorganisms 2022 10 578.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030578"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12163043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106834"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","author":"Harris V-L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harris V-L. In Vitro Determination of the Endocrine Disrupting Capacity of Microplastics. South Africa: North-West University; 2022.","journal-title":"In Vitro Determination of the Endocrine Disrupting Capacity of Microplastics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmod.2020.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337231203053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116419"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1101100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124792"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app112411692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-021-01589-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.846819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20053951"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109852"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123799"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11010040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29182-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c03859"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Evidence on invasion of blood, adipose tissues, nervous system and reproductive system of mice after a single oral exposure: nanoplastics versus microplastics","volume":"35","author":"Yang ZS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang ZS, Bai YL, Jin CH, et al. Evidence on invasion of blood, adipose tissues, nervous system and reproductive system of mice after a single oral exposure: nanoplastics versus microplastics. Biomed Environ Sci. 2022;35(11):1025-1037.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13081404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9040077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158666"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S497366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060668"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Impact of cotton dust, endotoxin exposure, and other occupational health risk due to indoor pollutants on textile industry workers in low and middle-income countries","volume":"9","author":"Subramaniam S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Subramaniam S, Raju N, Ganesan A, et al. Impact of cotton dust, endotoxin exposure, and other occupational health risk due to indoor pollutants on textile industry workers in low and middle-income countries. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2024;9(1):75-96.","journal-title":"Journal of Air Pollution and Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-12950-6_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxab070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194637"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-021-00419-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137582"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-021-03226-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Facemask: a subtle topic of microplastic induced health and environmental concern in Bangladesh during COVID-19","volume":"2","author":"Muhib MI","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muhib MI, Akter R. Facemask: a subtle topic of microplastic induced health and environmental concern in Bangladesh during COVID-19. American Int J Nurs Education and Practice. 2021;2(1):23.","journal-title":"American Int J Nurs Education and Practice"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113832"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052393"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00512-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64464-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2021.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1072797"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Q Peng Y Wu X et al. Microplastics\u2019 Accumulation and Characterization in Human Bone Cartilage and Intervertebral Disc Detected by Raman Microspectroscopy. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=4835244 or https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4835244.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4835244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090768"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.3c00052"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10915818251392140","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10915818251392140","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10915818251392140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T03:53:08Z","timestamp":1778989988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10915818251392140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10915818251392140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10915818251392140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-5818","1092-874X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-5818","type":"print"},{"value":"1092-874X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}