{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:49:08Z","timestamp":1785779348708,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007492","name":"Baylor University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C. Gus Glasscock, Jr Endowed Fund of Excellence i"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C. Gus Glasscock, Jr Endowed Fund of Excellence i"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Benzothiazoles are widely used rubber additives and common contaminants in urban runoff, yet their toxicity across human tissues remains poorly characterized. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of six benzothiazole derivatives, benzothiazole (BTH), 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (OH-BTH), 2-aminobenzothiazole (NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -BTH), 2-methylbenzothiazole (Me-BTH), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (SH-BTH), and methyl-thiobenzothiazole (Me-S-BTH), across nine human cell lines representing intestinal, skin, lung, kidney, brain, endothelial, muscle, epithelial, and hepatic tissues. EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values spanned more than nine orders of magnitude (1.5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M to &gt;1\u00a0M), revealing strong compound- and cell-type-specific variability. SH-BTH was the most potent derivative, with EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 1.5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-9<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M in Caco-2 (intestinal cells), 1.1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M in HMC-3 (brain microglia cells), 3.9 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M in MRC-5 (lung fibroblasts), 6.6 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M in HMEC-1 (microvascular endothelial cells), and 1.3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M in HepaRG (hepatocytes). Me-S-BTH showed similarly high potency in HMC-3 (2.0 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M) and moderate toxicity in endothelial and hepatic cells (2.3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M and 1.1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M, respectively). In contrast, BTH and Me-BTH exhibited low cytotoxicity, with EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values typically \u226510\n                    <jats:sup>-3<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0M and no measurable toxicity (&gt;1\u00a0M) in several models, including HepaRG. OH-BTH and NH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -BTH showed intermediate effects, with micromolar activity in selected cell lines but minimal toxicity in hepatic cells. Caco-2 and HMC-3 cells were the most sensitive models, whereas HepaRG, RMS13 (skeletal muscle), and skin HEK001 (skin keratinocytes) were the least responsive. Overall, toxicity was strongly structure-dependent, with sulfur-containing derivatives showing the highest potency.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10915818261475244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:21:11Z","timestamp":1785504071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structure-Dependent Cytotoxicity of Environmentally Relevant Benzothiazole Derivatives Across Human Cell Models"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University"},{"name":"Baylor University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasniyah","family":"Nayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University"},{"name":"Baylor University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisha","family":"Janiga-MacNelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Fernandez-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2774-5104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon","family":"Lavado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.01.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es048141e"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27082598"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05493"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es071871c"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","first-page":"122","article-title":"Synthesis and biological activities of benzothiazole derivatives: a review","volume":"1","author":"Yadav KP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yadav KP, Rahman MA, Nishad S, Maurya SK, Anas M, Mujahid M. 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