{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:15:49Z","timestamp":1777853749250,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science: Transactions of the SDPS, Official Journal of the Society for Design and Process Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Complex Cyber-Physical-Human System (CPHS) integrate the human operator as an essential element to assist with different aspects of information monitoring and decision making across the system to achieve the desired goal. A crucial aspect of enhancing CPHS efficiency lies in understanding the interaction dynamics of human cognitive factors and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). This entails designing feedback mechanisms, reasoning processes, and compliance protocols with consideration of their psychological impacts on human operators, fostering shared awareness between humans and AI agents and calibrating feedback levels to ensure operators are informed without being overwhelmed. This study focuses on a specific CPHS scenarios involving a human operator interacting with a swarm of robots for search, rescue, and monitoring tasks. It explores the impact of swarm non-compliance rate and feedback levels from the robotic swarm on the human operators\u2019 cognitive processes, and the extent to which individual differences in information processing influence this interaction dynamics. A human subject study with 20 participants experienced in strategic gaming involved nine scenarios with randomized robot compliance and AI feedback levels was conducted. Cognitive factors, categorized into brain-based features (mental engagement, workload, distraction) and eye-based features (pupil size, fixation, saccade, blink rate), were analyzed. Statistical analyses revealed that brain-based features, particularly mental workload, were predictive of the effect of compliance level, while feedback level and expertise affected both eye features and brain cognitive factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10920617241292155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T02:48:21Z","timestamp":1733798901000},"page":"200-210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring human-swarm interaction dynamics in cyber-physical systems: A physiological approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Distefano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Souma","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Esfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2021.3114162"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327590ijhc1702_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2022.100068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.815871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2013.2293535"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2010.2056682"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2017.1315750"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343411410160"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","first-page":"1198","volume-title":"Using physiological information to classify task difficulty in human-swarm interaction2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","author":"Distefano J. P.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Distefano J. P., Manjunatha H., Chowdhury S., Dantu K., Doermann D., Esfahani E. T. (2021). Using physiological information to classify task difficulty in human-swarm interaction. In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (pp. 1198\u20131203). IEEE."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","first-page":"03119001","article-title":"Assessment methods of network resilience for cyber-human-physical systems. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems","volume":"6","author":"Duan S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duan S., Ayyub B. M. (2020). Assessment methods of network resilience for cyber-human-physical systems. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems. Part A: Civil Engineering, 6(1), 03119001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/AJRUA6.0001021","journal-title":"Part A: Civil Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107574"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Human-in-the-loop cyber-physical systems for construction safety","author":"Eskandar S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eskandar S., Wang J., Razavi S. (2020). Human-in-the-loop cyber-physical systems for construction safety. Cyber-physical Systems in the Built Environment, 161\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-41560-0_9","journal-title":"Cyber-physical Systems in the Built Environment"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.03.162"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01853.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3364362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","first-page":"822","volume-title":"\u201c I'm not sure, but\u2026\": Examining the impact of large language models\u2019 uncertainty expression on user reliance and trustThe 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","author":"Kim S. S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim S. S., Liao Q. V., Vorvoreanu M., Ballard S., Vaughan J. W. (2024). \u201c I'm not sure, but\u2026\": Examining the impact of large language models\u2019 uncertainty expression on user reliance and trust. In The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 822\u2013835)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3284380"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07458-0_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manjunatha H. KrisshnaKumar P. Distefano J. P. Jani A. Behjat A. Ghassemi P. Chowdhury S. Dantu K. Esfahani E. T. (2024). SHaSTA: An open-source simulator for human and swarm team applications. Available at Research Square: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4338790\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4338790\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2015.07.783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813496269"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2790838"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mhapsekar R. U. Umrani M. I. Faizan M. Ali O. Abraham L. (2024). Building trust in AI-driven decision making for cyber-physical Systems (CPS): A comprehensive review. arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.06347.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA61755.2024.10710855"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","first-page":"825","volume-title":"Trust of humans in supervisory control of swarm robots with varied levels of autonomy2018 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics","author":"Nam C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nam C., Li H., Li S., Lewis M., Sycara K. (2018). Trust of humans in supervisory control of swarm robots with varied levels of autonomy. In 2018 IEEE international conference on systems, man, and cybernetics (pp. 825\u2013830). IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2020.102072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600004406"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","first-page":"410","volume-title":"Appropriate reliance on AI advice: Conceptualization and the effect of explanationsProceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces","author":"Schemmer M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schemmer M., Kuehl N., Benz C., Bartos A., Satzger G. (2023). Appropriate reliance on AI advice: Conceptualization and the effect of explanations. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (pp. 410\u2013422)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15837\/ijccc.2021.2.4166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/AA-12-2021-0174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579605"}],"container-title":["Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science: Transactions of the SDPS, Official Journal of the Society for Design and Process Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10920617241292155","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10920617241292155","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10920617241292155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:56:35Z","timestamp":1777503395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10920617241292155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10920617241292155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10920617241292155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0617","1875-8959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0617","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}}}