{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:12:24Z","timestamp":1781712744835,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Antibodies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple Myeloma is a hematological malignancy characterized by the proliferation of clonal plasma cells and associated with severe clinical manifestations. Despite advancements in diagnosis and management, Multiple Myeloma remains incurable, necessitating further research into more effective therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary objective of this review is to provide an informative and critical summary of the Multiple Myeloma microenvironment, and emerging revolutionary therapeutic approaches with potential combination therapy to improve the quality of life for Multiple Myeloma patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Emerging approaches:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have shown improvements in immune response against Multiple Myeloma. ICIs target inhibitory pathways such as PD-1\/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, potentially overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression. Combination therapies integrate ICIs with proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies to enhance the anti-tumor immune response. Additionally, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has demonstrated effectiveness against Multiple Myeloma, particularly when coupled with ICIs to decrease resistance and relapse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Challenges:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the efficacy of ICIs in treating Multiple Myeloma has been hindered by the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and immune evasion mechanisms, this challenge has led to the exploration of combination therapies. Potential side effects are still a big challenge for newly recognized ICIs and combination treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future directions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigations of new immune checkpoints and the development of targeted therapies against these markers are in progress, creating possibilities for more personalized and effective treatment strategies. Continuous research and robust clinical trials are needed to comprehend the complex dynamics of the Multiple Myeloma microenvironment to develop revolutionary therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10932607241301699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T20:59:52Z","timestamp":1736974792000},"page":"10-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Emerging therapies in Multiple Myeloma: Leveraging immune checkpoint inhibitors for improved outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Anuja Anil","family":"Mandavkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vilasrao Deshmukh Government Medical College, Latur, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj Sai Nikhil","family":"Padakanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramaiah Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srajan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SV Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiyah","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Jaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Southend University Hospital, Southend-on-Sea Essex, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jugalkishor","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. N D Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Nadiad, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likhita Reddy","family":"Allu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Medical College, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pulkit","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdullahi","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna Ali","family":"Mugibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saif","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumaran Ottilingam","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Madras Medical College, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayush","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurneet Singh","family":"Dhingra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subharti Medical College, Meerut, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avleen","family":"Dhingra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Kakadiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College, Surat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Kotaich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya Singh","family":"Beniwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK. 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