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The discovery of numerous novel genetic podocytopathies and the evolution of diagnostic technologies has transformed the investigation of steroid-resistant NS while simultaneously promoting the replacement of traditional morphology-based disease classifications with a mechanistic approach. Podocytopathies associated with primary and secondary steroid-resistant NS manifest as diffuse mesangial sclerosis, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and collapsing glomerulopathy. Molecular testing, once an ancillary option, has become a vital component of the clinical investigation and when paired with kidney biopsy findings, provides data that can optimize treatment and prognosis. This review focuses on the causes including selected monogenic defects, clinical phenotypes, histopathologic findings, and age-appropriate differential diagnoses of nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric population with an emphasis on podocytopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10935266241242669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T01:13:30Z","timestamp":1715735610000},"page":"426-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Nephrotic Syndrome Throughout Childhood: Diagnosing Podocytopathies From the Womb to the Dorm"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Finn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 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