{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:26:40Z","timestamp":1793748400468,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Dev Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Most thyroid nodules encountered in clinical endocrinology are epithelial in origin. In contrast, primary thyroid mesenchymal tumors are exceedingly rare but increasingly recognized with advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnostics. Thyroid myofibroma is an exceptionally uncommon benign fibroblastic\u2013myofibroblastic neoplasm, with only a limited number of cases reported to date. We report a 9-year-old girl with Turner syndrome (TS) and a prior myofibroblastic proliferation of the parotid gland 5\u2009years earlier, who presented with a solitary thyroid nodule. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) demonstrated a spindle-cell proliferation suspicious for an extrafollicular process. Lobectomy revealed a well-circumscribed, unencapsulated spindle-cell tumor composed of bland myofibroblastic cells arranged in fascicles within a collagenous stroma. The immunophenotype supported myofibroma. Targeted molecular testing identified a pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">PDGFRB<\/jats:italic>\n                    variant and a novel variant of uncertain significance, confirming the diagnosis. No prior reports have described thyroid myofibroma associated with TS or a preceding salivary gland myofibromatous lesion, making this case unique and diagnostically and pathogenetically significant. Awareness of this entity is critical to avoid misclassification as other spindle-cell thyroid lesions on FNA. Integrated cytomorphology, immunophenotyping, and PDGFRB-focused molecular analysis provide a robust diagnostic approach and may offer insight into shared pathogenetic mechanisms linking TS and myofibroblastic proliferations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10935266261452369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:20:36Z","timestamp":1780028436000},"page":"710-715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thyroid Myofibroma in a Child With Turner Syndrome: Integrated Cytologic, Histopathologic, and Molecular Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2437-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Manukyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Vaidyanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Mudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Sirotnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72102-6_32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.0114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2022.0143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70114-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.2870040215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.24886"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcemcr\/luaf018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-021-01152-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78281-0_7"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"487","article-title":"Mechanisms of autoimmune disease in Turner syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Su MA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Su MA, Stenerson M, Liu W, et al. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease in Turner syndrome. Genes Immun. 2009;10(5):487-496.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"467","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 and VEGF levels in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis","volume":"70","author":"Vural P","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vural P, Degirmencioglu S, Erden S, Gelincik A. TGF-\u03b21 and VEGF levels in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;70(3):467-472.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"139","article-title":"Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor in inflammatory thyroid disease","volume":"435","author":"Toda S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Toda S, Yonemitsu N, Minami Y, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor in inflammatory thyroid disease. Virchows Arch. 1999;435(2):139-146.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Wnt3a induces myofibroblast differentiation by upregulating TGF-\u03b2 signaling through SMAD2 in fibroblasts","volume":"30","author":"Carthy JM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carthy JM, Garmaroudi FS, Luo Z, McManus BM. Wnt3a induces myofibroblast differentiation by upregulating TGF-\u03b2 signaling through SMAD2 in fibroblasts. 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