{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:57:25Z","timestamp":1777676245191,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a new performance metric based on computational action. We examine work as it evolves in time and compute computational action as the integral of the work function over time. We compare the action generated at less than full power with the action that could have been generated at full power. We claim that the goal of performance optimization is to minimize lost, or wasted, action. We calculate our metric for some computers in the Top500 list (http:\/\/www.top500.org) and propose a new ranking based on least action wasted. When work is a function of the resources applied, we use the classical techniques of the calculus of variations to minimize wasted action. From the result of this exercise, we calculate productivity as the ratio of work produced to resources used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1094342004048538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,26]],"date-time":"2004-10-26T06:29:03Z","timestamp":1098772143000},"page":"449-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Performance Metrics Based on Computational Action"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Numrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MINNESOTA SUPERCOMPUTING INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS,\r                        MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1992945"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Dimensional Analysis","author":"Bridgman, P. W.","year":"1931","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Methods of Mathematical Physics","author":"Courant, R.","year":"1953"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1986.1663324"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"The Variational Principles of Mechanics","author":"Lanczos, C.","year":"1986","edition":"4"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: prefixes for binary multiples","author":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129183197000370"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing","author":"Numrich, R. W."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.330e1991"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Proceedings of PhysComp '92: Workshop on Physics and Computation","author":"Tyagi, A."},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2000.10056"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1094342004048538","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1094342004048538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:18:08Z","timestamp":1777450688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1094342004048538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1094342004048538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1094342004048538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-3420","1741-2846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-3420","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}}}