{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T15:35:41Z","timestamp":1769182541463,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Many problems in science and engineering are best simulated as a set of mutually interacting models, resulting in a coupled or multiphysics model. These models present challenges stemming from their interdisciplinary nature and from their computational and algorithmic complexities. The computational complexity of individual models, combined with the popularity of the distributed-memory parallel programming model used on commodity micro-processor-based clusters, results in a parallel coupling problem when building a coupled model. We define and elucidate this problem and how it results in a set of requirements for software capable of simplifying the construction of parallel coupled models. We describe the package, the Model Coupling Toolkit (MCT), which we have developed to meet these general requirements and the specific requirements of a parallel climate model. We present the MCT programming model with illustrative code examples. We present representative results that measure MCT\u2019s scalability, performance portability, and a proxy for coupling overhead. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1094342005056115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,14]],"date-time":"2005-10-14T12:13:41Z","timestamp":1129292021000},"page":"277-292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":294,"title":["The Model Coupling Toolkit: A New Fortran90 Toolkit for Building Multiphysics                 Parallel Coupled Models"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jay","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Computer Science Division Argonne National Laboratory\r                        Argonne, IL 60439, USA,"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Computer Science Division Argonne National Laboratory\r                        Argonne, IL 60439, USA"}]},{"given":"Everest","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Computer Science Division Argonne National Laboratory\r                        Argonne, IL 60439, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"1087","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science, San Francisco, CA, May, Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Baum, J. 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