{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:49:43Z","timestamp":1741067383923,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,26]],"date-time":"2015-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422230400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Human pose estimation is the process of approximating the configuration of the body\u2019s underlying skeletal articulation in one or more frames. The curve-skeleton of an object is a line-like representation that preserves topology and geometrical information. Finding the curve-skeleton of a volume corresponding to the person is a good starting point for approximating the underlying skeletal structure. In this paper, a GPU implementation of a fully parallel thinning algorithm based on the critical kernel framework is presented. The algorithm is compared to three other state-of-the-art skeletonisation methods\u2014two CPU and one GPU implementation\u2014using both real and synthetic data. It is demonstrated that all four achieve close to real-time frame rates, however, the proposed algorithm yields superior accuracy and robustness when used in a pose estimation context. The GPU implementation is\u2009&gt;\u20098\u00d7 faster than a CPU implementation of the same algorithm, and the positions of the 4 extremities are estimated with rms error \u223c6\u2009cm and \u223c98% of frames correctly labelled for some sequences. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1094342014566289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T01:28:02Z","timestamp":1422408482000},"page":"259-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Real-time three-dimensional skeletonisation using general-purpose computing on graphics processing units applied to computer vision-based human pose estimation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Rune Havnung","family":"Bakken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and e-Learning, S\u00f8r-Tr\u00f8ndelag University College, Norway"}]},{"given":"Lars Moland","family":"Eliassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bekk Consulting AS, Oslo, Norway"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-997-0_13"},{"key":"bibr2-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-002-0182-y"},{"key":"bibr3-1094342014566289","first-page":"137","author":"Baak A","year":"2010","journal-title":"3rd workshop on human motion of the european conference on computer vision"},{"key":"bibr4-1094342014566289","first-page":"416","author":"Bakken RH","year":"2012","journal-title":"12th international symposium on visual computing"},{"key":"bibr5-1094342014566289","first-page":"181","author":"Bakken RH","year":"2012","journal-title":"International conference on computer vision theory and applications"},{"key":"bibr6-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11907350_49"},{"key":"bibr7-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10851-009-0152-3"},{"key":"bibr8-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(94)90046-9"},{"key":"bibr9-1094342014566289","first-page":"362","volume-title":"Models for the Perception of Speech and Visual Form","author":"Blum H","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr10-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1049-9660(92)90030-7"},{"key":"bibr11-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00286-U"},{"key":"bibr12-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888709"},{"key":"bibr13-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-009-0284-3"},{"key":"bibr14-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.1002"},{"key":"bibr15-1094342014566289","first-page":"159","author":"Gkalelis N","year":"2009","journal-title":"Conference for visual media production"},{"key":"bibr16-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.212"},{"key":"bibr17-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.1900"},{"key":"bibr18-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38241-3_6"},{"key":"bibr19-1094342014566289","first-page":"237","author":"Kustra J","year":"2013","journal-title":"8th international conference on computer vision theory and applications"},{"key":"bibr20-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-011-0594-7"},{"key":"bibr21-1094342014566289","first-page":"232","author":"Malandain G","year":"1992","journal-title":"11th international conference on pattern recognition"},{"key":"bibr22-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01420736"},{"key":"bibr23-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DPVT.2006.7"},{"key":"bibr24-1094342014566289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2006.08.002"},{"key":"bibr25-1094342014566289","unstructured":"Morgenthaler DG (1981) Three-dimensional simple points: Serial erosion, parallel thinning, and skeletonization. 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