{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T19:13:28Z","timestamp":1767640408641,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite the recent successes of nuclear energy researchers, the scientific community still remains some distance from being able to create controlled, self-sustaining fusion reactions. Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) techniques represent one possible option to surpass this barrier, with scientific simulation playing a leading role in guiding and supporting their development. The simulation of such techniques allows for safe and efficient investigation of laser design and pulse shaping, as well as providing insight into the reaction as a whole. The research presented here focuses on the simulation code\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">EPOCH<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a fully relativistic particle-in-cell plasma physics code concerned with faithfully recreating laser-plasma interactions at scale.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A significant challenge in developing large codes like EPOCH is maintaining effective scientific delivery on successive generations of high-performance computing architecture. To support this process, we adopt the use of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mini-applications<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013 small code proxies that encapsulate important computational properties of their larger parent counterparts. Through the development of a mini-application for EPOCH (called\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">miniEPOCH<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), we investigate a variety of the performance features exhibited in EPOCH, expose opportunities for optimisation and increased scientific capability, and offer our conclusions to guide future changes to similar ICF codes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1094342016670225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T20:53:17Z","timestamp":1478119997000},"page":"570-581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Performance Optimisation of Inertial Confinement Fusion Codes using Mini-applications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Robert F","family":"Bird","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, UK"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Gillies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Performance Computing, AWE plc Aldermaston, UK"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Bareford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPCC, University of Edinburgh, UK"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Herdman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Performance Computing, AWE plc Aldermaston, UK"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","article-title":"Users manual for ALE3D-an arbitrary Lagrange\/Eulerian 3D code system","volume":"3","author":"Anderson R","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anderson R, Cooper R, Neely A, . 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(2016) Using miniapplications in a mantevo framework for optimizing sandia\u2019s SPARC CFD code on multi-core, many-core, and GPU-accelerated compute platforms. In: 51st AIAA aerospace sciences meeting including the new horizons forum and aerospace exposition, 26 September 2016. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","volume-title":"Plasma physics via computer simulation","author":"Birdsall CK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Birdsall CK, Langdon AB. (2005) Plasma physics via computer simulation. Series in plasma physics. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2005. Originally published: New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on OpenCL","author":"Bird RF","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bird RF, Pennycook SJ, Wright SA, . (2014) Towards a portable and future-proof particle-in-cell plasma physics code. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on OpenCL, page 1. 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Techical Report SAND2009-5574, Sandia National Laboratories."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Charm++ and AMPI: Adaptive runtime strategies via migratable objects","author":"Kale LV","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kale LV, Zheng G (2009) Charm++ and AMPI: Adaptive runtime strategies via migratable objects. John Wiley Sons Inc., pp. 265\u2013282."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","unstructured":"Karlin I Bhatele A Chamberlain BL . (2012a) LULESH programming model and performance ports overview. Technical Report. Livermore CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2013.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","volume-title":"Nuclear Explosive Code Development Conference Proceedings (NECDC12)","author":"Karlin I","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karlin I, McGraw J, Keasler J, . (2012b) Tuning the LULESH mini-app for current and future hardware. 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