{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:55:35Z","timestamp":1777676135506,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Power is an often-cited reason for the move to advanced architectures on the path to Exascale computing. This is due to practical considerations related to delivering enough power to successfully site and operate these machines, as well as concerns about energy usage while running large simulations. Since obtaining accurate power measurements can be challenging, it may be tempting to use the processor thermal design power (TDP) as a surrogate due to its simplicity and availability. However, TDP is not indicative of typical power usage while running simulations. Using commodity and advanced technology systems at Lawrence Livermore and Sandia National Labs, we performed a series of experiments to measure power and energy usage in running simulation codes. These experiments indicate that large scale Lawrence Livermore simulation codes are significantly more efficient than a simple processor TDP model might suggest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10943420251362635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T01:53:43Z","timestamp":1753754023000},"page":"770-783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding power and energy utilization in large scale production physics simulation codes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Bertsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Collette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn A","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si D","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Karlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NVIDIA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Scott","family":"McKinley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Pedretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert N","family":"Rieben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian S","family":"Ryujin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8001-5517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1724326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2020.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/P3HPC49587.2019.00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/JRD.2019.2954403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.1122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","unstructured":"Brantley PS Gentile NA Lambert MA et al. (2019) A new implicit Monte Carlo thermal photon transport capability developed using shared Monte Carlo infrastructure. In: The international conference on mathematics and computational methods applied to nuclear science and engineering Portland Oregon 25\u201329 August 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Brink S Marathe A Patki T et al. (2024) Variorum. https:\/\/github.com\/LLNL\/variorum"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Capps A Carson R Corbett B et al. (2017\u20132024) Axom: CS infrastructure components for HPC applications. DOI:10.11578\/dc.20201027.5.","DOI":"10.11578\/dc.20201027.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enos J Steffen C Fullop J et al. (2010) Quantifying the impact of GPUs on performance and energy efficiency in HPC clusters. In: International conference on green computing Chicago IL USA 15\u201318 August 2010 pp. 317\u2013324. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/GREENCOMP.2010.5598297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(71)90015-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franko K Fisher TC Lin P et al. (2015) CFD for next generation hardware: experiences with proxy applications. In: 22nd AIAA computational fluid dynamics conference 22-26 June 2015 Dallas TX p. 3053.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2015-3053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.308"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.7303"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","unstructured":"Green 500 (2024) https:\/\/www.top500.org\/lists\/green500"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0199350"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamil S Shalf J Strohmaier E (2008) Power efficiency in high performance computing. In: 2008 IEEE international symposium on parallel and distributed processing Miami FL USA 14\u201318 April 2008 pp. 1\u20138. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2008.4536223"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100707"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","volume-title":"Msr-Safe","author":"McFadden MJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"McFadden MJ, Shoga KS, Brink S, et al. (2019) Msr-Safe. Livermore, CA (United States): Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Technical report."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel T Wagenh\u00e4user A Eibel C et al. (2020) What does power consumption behavior of HPC jobs reveal? Demystifying quantifying and predicting power consumption characteristics. In: 2020 IEEE international parallel and distributed processing symposium (IPDPS) New Orleans LA USA 18\u201322 May 2020 pp. 799\u2013809. IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS47924.2020.00087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00450-015-0300-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4064493"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","unstructured":"Top 500 (2024) https:\/\/www.top500.org\/lists\/top500"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10943420221100262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yee BC Olivier SS Southworth BS et al. (2021) A new scheme for solving high-order DG discretizations of thermal radiative transfer using the variable Eddington factor method. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.07826.","DOI":"10.13182\/xyz-33893"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10943420251362635","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10943420251362635","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10943420251362635","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:17:47Z","timestamp":1777450667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10943420251362635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10943420251362635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10943420251362635","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-3420","1741-2846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-3420","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}}}