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Today\u2019s supercomputers\u2019 extreme heterogeneity presents a significant challenge for dynamically adaptive codes, highlighting the importance of achieving performance portability at scale. Our research focuses on astrophysical simulations, particularly stellar mergers, to elucidate early universe dynamics. We present Octo-Tiger, leveraging Kokkos, HPX, and SIMD for portable performance at scale in complex, massively parallel adaptive multi-physics simulations. Octo-Tiger supports diverse processors, accelerators, and network backends. Experiments demonstrate exceptional scalability across several heterogeneous supercomputers including Perlmutter, Frontier, and Fugaku, encompassing major GPU architectures and x86, ARM, and RISC-V CPUs. Parallel efficiency of 47.59% (110,080 cores and 6880 hybrid A100 GPUs) on a full-system run on Perlmutter (26% HPCG peak performance) and 51.37% (using 32,768 cores and 2048 MI250X) on Frontier are achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10943420251386503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T18:50:03Z","timestamp":1760640603000},"page":"196-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Asynchronous-many-task systems: Challenges and opportunities - Scaling an AMR astrophysics code on exascale machines using Kokkos and HPX"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Gregor","family":"Dai\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stuttgart"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3922-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory"},{"name":"Louisiana State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Holmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahulkumar","family":"Gayatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Junghans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Straub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stuttgart"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff R.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NVIDIA Helsinki Oy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Marcello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miwako","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIKEN Center for Computational Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Pfl\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stuttgart"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louisiana State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLUSTER.2018.00090"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02513"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1268776.1268779"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SC.2012.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/P3HPC49587.2019.00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/1477359"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2013.98"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/100791634"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Chapel (Cray Inc. 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