{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T03:01:24Z","timestamp":1780023684826,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Surgical Infections"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to identify epidemiological, microbiological, and laboratory characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infections in children and evaluate associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients aged 0\u201318 years who underwent ventricular shunt placement at Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Hospital between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2022, were retrospectively reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 201 shunt procedures performed in 176 patients were analyzed, with infection occurring in 32 cases (15.9%). Infection rates were higher in subgaleal shunts (60%) than ventriculoperitoneal shunts (15.2%) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.018). Shunt infections developed in 31.7% of procedures involving at least one risk factor, compared with 5.7% of procedures without identified risk factors (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Preterm infants (&lt;37 wks) had a higher infection rate (49%) than those born \u226537 weeks (14.5%) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Gram-positive microorganisms accounted for 56.3% of infections, most commonly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp., whereas\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were the most frequent gram-negative pathogens (each 12.5%). Patients with gram-negative meningitis had a significantly higher intensive care unit admission rate than those with gram-positive meningitis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.021). In multivariate analysis, subgaleal shunt placement was associated with increased odds of shunt infection (OR: 12.13; CI: 1.36\u2013107.69) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.025). In regression analysis, preterm birth was independently associated with an increased risk of shunt infection (OR: 6.12; CI: 2.02\u201318.56).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shunt infection rates and microbial patterns align with existing literature. Preterm birth emerged as a major risk factor for shunt infection, whereas subgaleal shunt placement appeared to be a potential risk factor that warrants cautious interpretation and further validation. The increased severity of gram-negative infections underscores the need for stringent monitoring and preventive strategies in high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10962964261419419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:53:03Z","timestamp":1770184383000},"page":"377-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infections in a Pediatric Cohort: Clinical Predictors and Microbiological Insights from a Tertiary Center"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0118-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nursel","family":"Atay \u00dcnal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tu\u011fba","family":"Bedir Demirda\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melis","family":"Deniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"G\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pelin","family":"Kuzucu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif Ay\u00e7a","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alp \u00d6zg\u00fcn","family":"B\u00f6rcek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meltem","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Tezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 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Early diagnosis of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections and malfunctions in children with hydrocephalus. 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