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This study examined the effects of extracellular vesicles derived from human breast milk on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization and elucidated their role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. The study\u2019s results showed that HMEVs significantly enhance osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, as confirmed by increased expression of proteins and genes related to bone formation. These effects are mediated via the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. 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