{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:44:05Z","timestamp":1792579445849,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess non-invasively the cardiovascular effects of high-dose medetomidine on healthy male cats undergoing semen collection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Haemodynamic evaluations were assessed on the basis of clinical examination, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and transthoracic echocardiographic examination. Eight client owned, male domestic shorthair cats were sedated with a bolus of medetomidine intramuscularly (IM; 0.13 mg\/kg), and semen collection was performed. A second transthoracic echocardiographic examination and SAP measurement were carried out 15 mins after sedation. At the end of the examination, the patients received a bolus of atipamezole (0.3 mg\/kg) IM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cats were deeply sedated, relaxed and laterally recumbent during the entire procedure. No rhythm abnormalities were observed during the examinations and no significant increase in SAP was recorded. Heart rate dropped from 200 \u00b1 33 to 92 \u00b1 13.1 beats per min after sedation. There was a significant increase in left ventricular dimensions and the left atrial area. The parameters of left ventricular systolic function were reduced, as were systemic and pulmonary cardiac outputs. Peak diastolic wave velocities were significantly reduced, while isovolumic contraction and relaxation time of the left ventricle were prolonged. Aortic valve insufficiency was recorded for all cats, while mitral valve insufficiency was noted in five cats. None of the subjects developed systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The protocol allowed us to collect good semen samples in healthy cats. However, high-dose medetomidine induces significant haemodynamic effects on the feline heart, mainly due to a reduced heart rate, an increased cardiac preload and impaired systolic function. The animals recovered from the anaesthesia, after antagonist administration, without showing any clinically relevant consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x15583345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]],"date-time":"2015-05-05T20:41:45Z","timestamp":1430858505000},"page":"337-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Non-invasive evaluation of the haemodynamic effects of high-dose medetomidine in healthy cats for semen collection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Noemi","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Zambelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cunto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Lambertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Ventrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Baron Toaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum \u2013 University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"885","article-title":"A review of the physiological effects of alpha-2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice","volume":"44","author":"Sinclair MD","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sinclair MD. A review of the physiological effects of alpha-2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. Can Vet J 2003; 44: 885\u2013897.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00259.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Lumb and Jones\u2019 veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","author":"Lemke KA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lemke KA. Anticholinergics and Sedatives. In: Tranquilli W, Thurmon J, Grimm K (eds). Lumb and Jones\u2019 veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia. 4th ed. 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(Societ\u00e0 Italiana Riproduzione Animale); 2011 June 23\u201324; Bari Italy. Available at: http:\/\/www.societaitalianariproduzioneanimale.it\/images\/stories\/IXCongresso\/38-IX-2011.pdf pp 156\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03301.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2004.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1993.tb01015.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Veterinary echocardiography","author":"Boon JA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boon JA. Evaluation of size, function, and hemodynamics. In: Boon JA (eds). Veterinary echocardiography. 2nd ed. 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