{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:45:10Z","timestamp":1792583110902,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"\n Aim and rationale:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of intratesticular and intraepididymal injections is to provide an inexpensive non-surgical method for sterilizing tom cats. Intratesticular and intraepididymal injections have been studied for decades and warrant continued investigation. While both methods result in azoospermia, intratesticular injection of sclerosing agents induces orchitis, resulting in decreased spermatogenesis, whereas intraepididymal injection blocks sperm transport but does not alter spermatogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Evidence base:<\/jats:title>\n Sclerosing agents that have been used effectively for intratesticular injections in cats include calcium chloride dihydrate and zinc gluconate. For sclerosis by intraepididymal injections, chlorhexidine digluconate has been used successfully in cats. The volume, formulation and concentration of sclerosing agents for intratesticular and intraepididymal injections in cats have not been standardized.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Challenges:<\/jats:title>\n Neither intratesticular nor intraepididymal injections entirely eliminate gonadal testosterone production, which may be undesirable for pet cats and therefore may restrict the application of this method of sterilization to feral cats with limited human contact. In addition, both methods may require sedation or general anesthesia, leading some to support routine castration over these non-surgical methods. Lastly, even if the technique is successful in inducing permanent sterility, normal fertility may persist in treated males for 1\u20132 months after treatment because of sperm present within the epididymis and vas deferens.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x15594991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]],"date-time":"2015-08-31T06:32:44Z","timestamp":1441002764000},"page":"772-776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Intratesticular and intraepididymal injections to sterilize male cats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michelle A","family":"Kutzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor of Companion Animal Industries, Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.97.5.711"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1984.45.02.291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Urogenital system: male genital organs of the carnivores","author":"Schummer A","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schummer A, Nickel R, Sak WO. The viscera of domestic animals. In: Schummer A, Nickel R, Sak WO (eds). Urogenital system: male genital organs of the carnivores. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979, pp 324\u2013328.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Zeuterin package insert. http:\/\/www.arksciences.com\/images\/pdf\/ZeuterinCMCPackageInsertFinal.pdf (accessed October 7 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Baran A Ozdas A Gulcubuk A et al. Pilot study: intratesticular injection induces sterility in male cats. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Non-Surgical Methods of Pet Population Control; 2010 April 8\u201310; Dallas TX USA. Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs [abstract] 2010. http:\/\/www.acc-d.org\/resource-library\/symposia\/4th-symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Calcium chloride castration","author":"Koger LM","year":"1978","unstructured":"Koger LM. Calcium chloride castration. Mod Vet Pract 1978; 119\u2013121.","journal-title":"Mod Vet Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Golden T. Calcium chloride as a non-surgical sterilant for male dogs and cats: a history and summary of research. http:\/\/www.acc-d.org\/docs\/default-source\/Research-and-Innovation\/accd_cacl2review-nov2014.pdf?sfvrsn=2 (accessed October 7 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Levy J. Current contraceptive approaches for feral cats. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Non-Surgical Methods of Pet Population Control; 2010 April 8\u201310; Dallas TX USA. Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs [PowerPoint slides]. http:\/\/www.acc-d.org\/docs\/default-source\/4th-symosium\/levy_cats_ppt.pdf?sfvrsn=2 (2010 accessed October 7 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Non-Surgical Methods for Pet Population Control","author":"Wang M","unstructured":"Wang M. Neutersol: intratesticular injection induces sterility in dogs. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Non-Surgical Methods for Pet Population Control; Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs; April 2002, Pine Mountain, GA, USA. pp 62\u201365."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z85-192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.04.517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1977.38.06.831"}],"container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X15594991","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1098612X15594991","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X15594991","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:23:56Z","timestamp":1792581836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1098612X15594991"}},"subtitle":["From calcium chloride to zinc gluconate and beyond"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1098612X15594991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612x15594991","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-612X","1532-2750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-612X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]}}}