{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:26:59Z","timestamp":1777850819815,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]],"date-time":"2016-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) is a recently recognised pathological manifestation in cats caused by Dirofilaria immitis exposure. This study aimed to estimate the percentage of cats at risk of developing HARD in a heartworm-endemic area (Taipei, Taiwan), and to test the correlation of heartworm exposure and the presence of lower airway\/lung clinical signs (LA\/L signs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective case-control study. The study design called for the enrolment of at least 80 cats with LA\/L signs and at least 80 cats without such clinical signs in a 1 year period. The D immitis antibody seroprevalence of the two cohorts was compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From February 2014 to January 2015, 187 client-owned cats were prospectively enrolled: 83 clinical cases with LA\/L signs and 104 cats without such signs. Antibody seropositivity was approximately twice as frequent in cats with LA\/L signs (13.3%) than in cats without signs (7.8%) (odds ratio [OR] 1.814); nevertheless, no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts ( P = 0.22) was found. We used 41 frozen samples from free-roaming cats to examine the possibility of different exposure rates to mosquito bites between client-owned cats and stray cats, finding the seroprevalence to be 7.5% in free-roaming cats \u2013 a result not statistically different to that in client-owned cats ( P = 0.60). Outdoor access was a significant risk factor for heartworm exposure in client-owned cats (OR 3.748; P = 0.03); however, living entirely indoors did not provide complete protection from exposure\/infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results did not show statistically significant differences in antibody seroprevalence between cats with and without LA\/L signs. LA\/L signs were not always present under conditions of natural exposure. However, exposure to D immitis is not rare among client-owned cats, suggesting that heartworm prophylactics should be a part of routine care in all cats living in areas endemic for canine heartworm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x15618704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]],"date-time":"2015-11-30T22:28:46Z","timestamp":1448922526000},"page":"153-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Dirofilaria immitis<\/i>\n                    exposure status in client-owned cats with or without lower airway\/lung-associated signs: case-control study in a canine heartworm-endemic area"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chung-Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ying","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Ju","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lih-Chiann","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Section of Small Animal Internal 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Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szu-Ching","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dear Animal Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling-Ling","family":"Chueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 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