{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:44:52Z","timestamp":1792586692657,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The objective of this study was to describe seasonality, demographics, presentations, treatments, complications and outcomes for cats with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ixodes holocyclus<\/jats:italic>\n                      causing tick paralysis, and to identify risk factors for mortality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective single cohort study with 2077 cases occurring between 2008 and 2016, and presenting to one of four emergency clinics in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Case mortality at 5 days post-presentation could be determined for 1742 cases, and potential risk factors for mortality were assessed using random-effects logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cases occurred all year round, but there was a marked seasonal pattern with more cases presenting in spring than any other season. Overall, 54\/1742 cases (3%) died by 5 days after presentation. Five day mortality incidence for cases that received polyclonal canine tick antitoxin serum (TAS) and recommended treatment was 28\/1410 (2%) vs 4\/52 (8%) for cases that did not receive TAS (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Mechanical ventilation was recommended for 131\/2077 cases (6%). Where mechanical ventilation was recommended but not implemented, mortality incidence was 15\/17 (88%), whereas 4\/22 cases (18%) that received mechanical ventilation died by day 5. From multivariable analyses, initial gait score (overall\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.047) and body temperature on presentation (overall\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) were independently associated with mortality; cases with higher gait scores and those with body temperatures &lt;35\u00b0C were at greater risk of death. Cases that had an adverse reaction to TAS were also more likely to die (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002). Additional ticks were detected at coat clipping for 80\/872 (9%) the cases that were clipped, and coat clipping was associated with a reduced risk of mortality (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.020). Risk of mortality did not differ significantly by time of year, clinic location, breed, sex, neuter status, age, weight, coat length or number of ticks found.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall mortality risk for cats treated for tick paralysis caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I holocyclus<\/jats:italic>\n                      is low. Risk factors for mortality include advanced gait and respiratory scores, and hypothermia at presentation. Coat clipping and TAS reduce the risk of mortality, whereas the occurrence of a TAS reaction increases the risk. Mechanical ventilation reduces mortality risk in cats with respiratory failure due to tick paralysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x17733628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T09:21:26Z","timestamp":1507627286000},"page":"465-478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Clinical presentations, treatments and risk factors for mortality in cats with tick paralysis caused by\n                    <i>Ixodes holocyclus<\/i>\n                    : 2077 cases (2008\u20132016)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ellie","family":"Leister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pet Intensive Care Unit, Veterinary Specialist Services and Animal Emergency Service, Underwood, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jemora Pty, Geelong, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Atwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Emergency Service, Underwood, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Tick paralysis: a fatal disease of dogs and other animals in eastern Australia","volume":"8","author":"Clunies-Ross I.","year":"1935","unstructured":"Clunies-Ross I. Tick paralysis: a fatal disease of dogs and other animals in eastern Australia. J Counc Sci Ind Res 1935; 8: 8\u201313.","journal-title":"J Counc Sci Ind Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"594","volume-title":"Progress in venom and toxin research","author":"Stone BF","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stone BF, Aylward JH. Tick toxicosis and the causal toxins: tick paralysis. In: Gopalakhrishnakone P, Tan C (eds). Progress in venom and toxin research. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 1987, pp 594\u2013682."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6288-6_65-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Laryngeal paresis caused by","volume":"32","author":"Atwell RB.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Atwell RB. Laryngeal paresis caused by I holocyclus. Aust Vet Pract 2002; 32: 44.","journal-title":"I holocyclus. Aust Vet Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Proceedings No. 30 Refresher Course in Neurology","author":"Cooper B","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cooper B, Cooper H, Ilkiw, et al. Tick paralysis. Proceedings No. 30 Refresher Course in Neurology; August 9\u201313 1976; Sydney, Australia. Sydney: The Post Graudate Committee in Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 1976, pp 57\u201361."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Control and therapy","author":"Strakosh M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Strakosh M. Tick paralysis in cats. In: Control and therapy. Sydney: University of Sydney, CVE, 1988, p 1218."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Ixodes holocyclus","author":"Campbell FE.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell FE. The cardiovascular effects of the toxin(s) of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. MS thesis, University of Queensland, 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Control and therapy","author":"Webster RA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Webster RA, Briscoe K, Campbell FE, et al. Round table discussion \u2013 part 2. In: Control and therapy. Perspective No. 93. Sydney: University of Sydney, CVE, 2012, pp 31\u201348."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09662.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Control and therapy","author":"Musca F","year":"2004","unstructured":"Musca F, Gunew M. Tick paralysis in cats \u2013 a retrospective review. In: Control and therapy. Perspective No. 40. Sydney: University of Sydney, CVE, 2004, pp 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb12980.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb12986.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","article-title":"The clinical outcomes in a large cohort of natural general practice cases of canine tick (Ixodes holocyclus) toxicity from different geographic areas in the same season","author":"Atwell RB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atwell RB, Hannan P, Conacher C, et al. The clinical outcomes in a large cohort of natural general practice cases of canine tick (Ixodes holocyclus) toxicity from different geographic areas in the same season. Publically Listed 2008.","journal-title":"Publically Listed"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12460530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Proceedings of University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science 318; Clinical Toxicology","author":"FitzGerald M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"FitzGerald M. Ixodes holocyclus poisoning. Proceedings of University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science 318; Clinical Toxicology; November 11\u201314 1998; Sydney, Australia. Sydney: Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 1998, pp 203\u2013220."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Fearnley AF. The effect of ingestation with the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus on thermoregulation and respiration in the dog. MS Thesis University of Queensland 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Proceedings of University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science 318; Clinical Toxicology","author":"Malik R","year":"1998","unstructured":"Malik R (ed). Tick paralysis in the cat. Proceedings of University of Sydney Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science 318; Clinical Toxicology; November 11\u201314 1998; Sydney, Australia. Sydney: Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 1998, pp 147\u2013148."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"698","article-title":"Outcomes of mechanical ventilation in 302 dogs and cats in Australia (2005\u20132013)","volume":"44","author":"Trigg NL","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trigg NL, Leister EM. Outcomes of mechanical ventilation in 302 dogs and cats in Australia (2005\u20132013). Aust Vet Pract 2014; 44: 698\u2013703.","journal-title":"Aust Vet Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X17733628","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1098612X17733628","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X17733628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:14:39Z","timestamp":1792584879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1098612X17733628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1098612X17733628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612x17733628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-612X","1532-2750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-612X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]}}}