{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:47:15Z","timestamp":1792586835148,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pleural effusion is a common presenting cause for feline patients in small animal practice. The objectives of this study were to identify possible correlations between the aetiology of effusion and clinical and laboratory findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective study of 306 cats diagnosed with pleural effusion of established aetiology, cats were divided into six major groups: cardiac disease (CD), feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), neoplasia, pyothorax, chylothorax and miscellaneous. Clinical, laboratory and radiographic parameters were compared between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CD was the most common aetiology (35.3%), followed by neoplasia (30.7%), pyothorax (8.8%), FIP (8.5%), chylothorax (4.6%) and miscellaneous diseases (3.7%). In 26 (8.5%) cats, more than one underlying disease was diagnosed as a possible aetiology for pleural effusion. Cats with FIP were significantly younger than those with CD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) and neoplasia (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Cats with CD were presented with a significantly lower body temperature compared with cats with FIP (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022). Cats with CD had significantly higher serum alanine aminotransferase activity compared with all other cats (FIP and pyothorax,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001; neoplasia and chylothorax,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) and serum alkaline phosphatase activity compared with the pyothorax (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) and FIP groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04), and significantly lower protein concentrations (FIP, pyothorax and neoplasia,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001; chylothorax,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04) and nucleated cell counts in the effusion than all other groups (pyothorax and neoplasia,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001; chylothorax,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02; FIP,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04). The glucose level in the effusion of cats with pyothorax was significantly lower than glucose levels in patients with CD, neoplasia and chylothorax (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Of 249 cats with a follow-up of at least 10 days, 55.8% died or were euthanased during that time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CD and neoplasia were the most common causes for feline pleural effusion. Age, liver enzymes, as well as cell count, protein and glucose levels in the effusion can aid in the investigation of underlying aetiologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x18816489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T03:34:10Z","timestamp":1545017650000},"page":"1102-1110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Retrospective analysis of pleural effusion in cats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alla","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf S","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Wess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1785-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianka S","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"The cytologic examination of body cavity fluids","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Brien PJ","year":"1988","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien PJ, Lumsden JH. The cytologic examination of body cavity fluids. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1988; 3: 140\u2013156.","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(85)50111-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1996.tb01772.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Pleural effusions \u2013 pathophysiology and diagnostic considerations","volume":"10","author":"Forrester SD","year":"1988","unstructured":"Forrester SD, Troy GC, Fossum TW. Pleural effusions \u2013 pathophysiology and diagnostic considerations. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 1988; 10: 121\u2013136.","journal-title":"Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(87)50026-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jfms.2000.0089"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico de cardiomiopat\u00edas felinas","author":"Wess G","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wess G. Diagn\u00f3stico de cardiomiopat\u00edas felinas. Consultavet 2012: 37\u201346.","journal-title":"Consultavet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.129.10.209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(95)05459-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1999.tb01065.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"365","article-title":"Pyothorax in 26 cats: clinical signs, laboratory results and therapy (2000\u20132007) [article in German]","volume":"121","author":"Ottenjann M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ottenjann M, Lubke-Becker A, Linzmann H, et al. Pyothorax in 26 cats: clinical signs, laboratory results and therapy (2000\u20132007) [article in German]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2008; 121: 365\u2013373.","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(02)00057-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"227","article-title":"Pleural effusion in the dog: principles for diagnosis","volume":"19","author":"Cantwell HD","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cantwell HD, Rebar AH, Allen AR. Pleural effusion in the dog: principles for diagnosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1983; 19: 227\u2013232.","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1990.tb00548.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","author":"Mertens M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mertens M, Fossum TW, McDonald KA. Pleural and extrapleural diseases. In: Ettinger S, Feldman E (eds). Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 6th ed. St Louis, MO: Saunders, 2005, p 1272.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2004.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.182.11.1201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00089.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2012.00464.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02515.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1976.37.12.1449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"506","article-title":"Hypothermia in critically ill dogs and cats","volume":"23","author":"Oncken AK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oncken AK, Kirby R, Rudloff E. Hypothermia in critically ill dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2001; 23: 506\u2013520.","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"840","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: diseases of the dog and cat","author":"Suter PF","year":"1983","unstructured":"Suter PF, Zinkl JG. Mediastinal, pleural and extrapleural diseases. In: Ettinger SJ (ed). Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: diseases of the dog and cat. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1983, pp 840\u2013883.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Current veterinary therapy","author":"Creighton SR","year":"1977","unstructured":"Creighton SR, Wilkins RJ. Pleural effusions. In: Kirk RW (ed). Current veterinary therapy. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA; London: Saunders, 1977, pp 225\u2013264.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.9.2645"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02385.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"694","article-title":"Subgross pulmonary anatomy in various mammals and man","volume":"175","author":"McLaughlin RF","year":"1961","unstructured":"McLaughlin RFJr, Canada RO, Tyler WS. Subgross pulmonary anatomy in various mammals and man. Am J Anat 1961; 175: 694\u2013697.","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2002.00494.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15586209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12274"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00524.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.07.1032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"362","article-title":"Equine bacterial pleuropneumonia. Part II. Clinical signs and diagnostic evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Chaffin MK","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chaffin MK, Carter GK, Relford RL. Equine bacterial pleuropneumonia. Part II. Clinical signs and diagnostic evaluation. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1994; 16: 362\u2013379.","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2003.50005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X18816489","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1098612X18816489","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1098612X18816489","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:26:34Z","timestamp":1792585594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1098612X18816489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1098612X18816489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1098612x18816489","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-612X","1532-2750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-612X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]]}}}