{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:27Z","timestamp":1792787727762,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr Elsey\u2019s Cat Litter"},{"name":"Better By Nature"},{"name":"Kruuse Denmark"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Luca Fund for FIP Research"},{"name":"Angelica Trust for FIP research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV). FCoV is incredibly contagious and transmission is via the faecal\u2013oral route. FCoV infection, and therefore FIP, is most common in breeder and rescue catteries, where many cats are kept indoors, using litter trays. Whether it is possible to break the cycle of FCoV infection and reinfection using cat litters has never been investigated. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of cat litters on FCoV infectivity and virus load in multi-cat households, and transmission frequency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen cat litters were mixed and incubated with FCoV, centrifuged and the supernatants tested in vitro for the ability to prevent virus infection of cell culture. To test applicability of in vitro results to real life, virus load was measured in two households in a double crossover study of four Fuller\u2019s earth-based cat litters by testing rectal swabs using FCoV reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four litters abrogated FCoV infection of cell culture, nine reduced it to a greater or lesser extent and two had no effect. One brand had different virus inhibitory properties depending on where it was manufactured. Fuller\u2019s earth-based litters performed best, presumably by adsorbing virus. In the field study, there appeared to be less virus shedding on one Fuller\u2019s earth-based cat litter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The in vitro study successfully identified cat litters that inactivate FCoV; such litters exist so do not need to be developed. Fuller\u2019s earth-based litters best prevented infection of cell culture, but did not completely abrogate FCoV transmission in two multi-cat households. A dust-free clumping Fuller\u2019s earth litter appeared to fare best, but virus shedding also varied on the control litters, complicating interpretation. Sawdust-based cat litters are not useful in FCoV-endemic households because they track badly and have a poor effect on virus infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x19848167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T10:08:19Z","timestamp":1558001299000},"page":"350-357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effect of cat litters on feline coronavirus infection of cell culture and cats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7843-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Addie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lene","family":"Houe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reg Acc, Felismir Katteklinik, Hvalso, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty","family":"Maitland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Passantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6348-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Decaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"806","volume-title":"Ninth report international committee on taxonomy of viruses","author":"De Groot RJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric R, et al. Family Coronaviridae. In: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, et al. Ninth report international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2012, pp 806\u2013828."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4508-4514.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.21.649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19129-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.210.09.1307"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"The epidemiology of feline infectious peritonitis in catteries","volume":"23","author":"Kass PH","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kass PH, Dent TH. The epidemiology of feline infectious peritonitis in catteries. Feline Pract 1995; 23: 27\u201332.","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Update on FIP","volume":"12","author":"Scott FW","year":"1988","unstructured":"Scott FW. Update on FIP. Proc Kal Kan Symp 1988; 12: 43\u201347.","journal-title":"Proc Kal Kan Symp"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"96","article-title":"Elimination of feline coronavirus infection from a large experimental specific pathogen-free cat breeding colony by serologic testing and isolation","volume":"23","author":"Hickman MA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hickman MA, Morris JG, Rogers QR, et al. Elimination of feline coronavirus infection from a large experimental specific pathogen-free cat breeding colony by serologic testing and isolation. Feline Pract 1995; 23: 96\u2013102.","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(98)00129-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104.15.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-20-2-169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v5.i2.85"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1998.9045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(90)90004-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a modified live FIPV vaccine under field conditions","volume":"23","author":"Fehr D","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fehr D, Holznagel E, Bolla S, et al. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a modified live FIPV vaccine under field conditions. Feline Pract 1995; 23: 83\u201388.","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00006-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"Vaccination against naturally occurring FIP in a single large cat shelter","volume":"23","author":"Postorino Reeves N","year":"1995","unstructured":"Postorino Reeves N. Vaccination against naturally occurring FIP in a single large cat shelter. Feline Pract 1995; 23: 81\u201382.","journal-title":"Feline Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.130.7.133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","article-title":"Reversal of the progression of fatal coronavirus infection in cats by a broad-spectrum coronavirus protease inhibitor","volume":"12","author":"Kim Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim Y, Liu H, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, et al. 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