{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:35Z","timestamp":1792787735091,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Buttons Fund for Feline Kidney Disease Research"},{"name":"International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to describe the causes, clinicopathologic features and outcomes of feline protein-losing nephropathy (proteinuria secondary to glomerular disease [PLN]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kidney biopsy\/necropsy samples from proteinuric cats submitted to the International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnoses based on histopathology were categorized by primary disease compartment. Clinicopathologic variables at diagnosis, development of hypoalbuminemia, anemia, hypertension, azotemia and effusion\/edema, and survival were compared between cats with immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) and other causes of PLN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty-eight percent (n\u2009=\u200931\/53) of proteinuric cats had ICGN and 74% (n\u2009=\u200931\/42) of cats with PLN had ICGN. Cats with glomerular diseases other than ICGN had a higher median urine protein:creatinine ratio than ICGN cats (14.5 vs 6.5;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Onset of PLN occurred at a young age; median age at diagnosis was 3.5 years in ICGN cats vs 1.3 years in cats with other glomerular diseases (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026). Development of complications such as hypoalbuminemia, anemia, hypertension, azotemia and effusion\/edema were common, regardless of the cause of PLN, and were not different between ICGN and cats with other glomerular diseases. Male cats were over-represented in the ICGN group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). Median survival time (MST) for all cats with PLN was 94 days (range 3\u20131848 days). Survival was not different between cats with ICGN and cats with other glomerular diseases. MST in ICGN cats that developed effusion was shorter (94 days) than cats that did not (700 days;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035). MST in IGCN cats that received immunosuppressive medications was longer (244 days) than cats that did not (17 days,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, these data suggest that clinical suspicion for glomerular proteinuria should increase in young, male cats with higher degrees of proteinuria, and immune-mediated disease is common. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of immunosuppression on morbidity and mortality in cats with ICGN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612x20921056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T05:01:26Z","timestamp":1590555686000},"page":"1219-1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Clinicopathologic and pathologic characteristics of feline proteinuric kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Laura H","family":"Rayhel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1388-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica M","family":"Quimby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel E","family":"Cianciolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9anne","family":"Cl\u00e9roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences &amp; Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M","family":"McLeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Franken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.393"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0339.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03042.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02892.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814561095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812453176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815579996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2046-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11761116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"International Renal Interest Society. Algorithm for staging of chronic kidney disease in cats. http:\/\/www.iris-kidney.com\/pdf\/003-5559.001-iris-website-staging-of-ckd-pdf_220116-final.pdf#page=7 (accessed February 7 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105.4.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy in the cat and dog: a renal biopsy and follow-up study of sixteen cases.","volume":"45","author":"Wright NG","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wright NG, Nash AS, Thompson H, et al. Membranous nephropathy in the cat and dog: a renal biopsy and follow-up study of sixteen cases. 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